Ed Philosophy Essay

Philosophy of education can refer to either the academic field of applied philosophy or to one of any educational philosophies that promote a specific type or vision of education, and/or which examine the definition, goals and meaning of education. As an academic field, philosophy of education is â€Å"the philosophical study of education and its problems†¦ its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy†. [1] â€Å"The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education. That is, it may be part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline. â€Å"[2] As such, it is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches (speculative, prescriptive, and/or analytic) to address questions in and about pedagogy, education policy, and curriculum, as well as the process of learning, to name a few. [3] For example, it might study what constitutes upbringing and education, the values and norms revealed through upbringing and educational practices, the limits and legitimization of education as an academic discipline, and the relation between educational theory and practice. Instead of being taught in philosophy departments, philosophy of education is usually housed in departments or colleges of education, similar to how philosophy of law is generally taught in law schools. [1] The multiple ways of conceiving education coupled with the multiple fields and approaches of philosophy make philosophy of education not only a very diverse field but also one that is not easily defined. Although there is overlap, philosophy of education should not be conflated with educational theory, which is not defined specifically by the application of philosophy to questions in education. Philosophy of education also should not be confused with philosophy education, the practice of teaching and learning the subject of philosophy. Philosophy of education can also be understood not as an academic discipline but as a normative educational theory that unifies pedagogy, curriculum, learning theory, and the purpose of education and is grounded in specific metaphysical, epistemological, and axiological assumptions. These theories are also called educational philosophies. For example, a teacher might be said to follow a perennialist educational philosophy or to follow a perennialist philosophy of education. Contents * 1 Philosophy of Education * 1. 1 Idealism * 1. 1. 1 Plato * 1. 1. 2 Immanuel Kant * 1. 1. 3 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel * 1. 2 Realism * 1. 2. 1 Aristotle * 1. 2. 2 Avicenna * 1. 2. 3 Ibn Tufail * 1. 2. 4 John Locke * 1. 2. 5 Jean-Jacques Rousseau * 1. 2. 6 Mortimer Jerome Adler * 1. 2. 7 Harry S. Broudy * 1. 3 Scholasticism * 1. 3. 1 Thomas Aquinas * 1. 3. 2 John Milton * 1. 4 Pragmatism * 1. 4. 1 John Dewey * 1. 4. 2 William James * 1. 4. 3 William Heard Kilpatrick * 1. 4. 4 Nel Noddings * 1. 4. 5 Richard Rorty * 1. 5 Analytic Philosophy * 1. 5. 1 Richard Stanley Peters * 1. 5. 2 Paul H. Hirst * 1. 6 Existentialism * 1. 6. 1 Karl Jaspers * 1. 6. 2 Martin Buber * 1. 6. 3 Maxine Greene * 1. 7 Critical Theory * 1. 7. 1 Paulo Freire * 1. 8 Postmodernism * 1. 8. 1 Martin Heidegger * 1. 8. 2 Hans-Georg Gadamer * 1. 8. 3 Jean-Francois Lyotard * 1. 8. 4 Michel Foucault * 2 Normative Educational Philosophies * 2. 1 Perennialism * 2. 1. 1 Allan Bloom * 2. 2 Progressivism * 2. 2. 1 Jean Piaget * 2. 2. 2 Jerome Bruner * 2. 3 Essentialism * 2. 3. 1 William Chandler Bagley * 2. 4 Social Reconstructionism and Critical Pedagogy * 2. 4. 1 George Counts * 2. 4. 2 Maria Montessori * 2. 5 Waldorf * 2. 5. 1 Rudolf Steiner * 2. 6 Democratic Education * 2. 6. 1 A. S. Neill * 2. 7 Classical Education * 2. 7. 1 Charlotte Mason * 2. 8 Unschooling * 2. 8. 1 John Holt * 2. 8. 2 Contemplative education * 3 Professional organizations and associations * 4 References * 5 Further reading * 6 External links| Philosophy of Education Idealism Plato Inscribed herma of Plato. (Berlin, Altes Museum). Main article: Plato Date: 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC Plato’s educational philosophy was grounded in his vision of the ideal Republic, wherein the individual was best served by being subordinated to a just society. He advocated removing children from their mothers’ care and raising them as wards of the state, with great care being taken to differentiate children suitable to the various castes, the highest receiving the most education, so that they could act as guardians of the city and care for the less able. Education would be holistic, including facts, skills, physical discipline, and music and art, which he considered the highest form of endeavor. Plato believed that talent was distributed non-genetically and thus must be found in children born in any social class. He builds on this by insisting that those suitably gifted are to be trained by the state so that they may be qualified to assume the role of a ruling class. What this establishes is essentially a system of selective public education premised on the assumption that an educated minority of the population are, by virtue of their education (and inborn educability), sufficient for healthy governance. Plato’s writings contain some of the following ideas: Elementary education would be confined to the guardian class till the age of 18, followed by two years of compulsory military training and then by higher education for those who qualified. While elementary education made the soul responsive to the environment, higher education helped the soul to search for truth which illuminated it. Both boys and girls receive the same kind of education. Elementary education consisted of music and gymnastics, designed to train and blend gentle and fierce qualities in the individual and create a harmonious person. At the age of 20, a selection was made. The best one would take an advanced course in mathematics, geometry, astronomy and harmonics. The first course in the scheme of higher education would last for ten years. It would be for those who had a flair for science. At the age of 30 there would be another selection; those who qualified would study dialectics and metaphysics, logic and philosophy for the next five years. They would study the idea of good and first principles of being. After accepting junior positions in the army for 15 years, a man would have completed his theoretical and practical education by the age of 50. Immanuel Kant Main article: Immanuel Kant Date: 1724–1804 Immanuel Kant believed that education differs from training in that the latter involves thinking whereas the former does not. In addition to educating reason, of central importance to him was the development of character and teaching of moral maxims. Kant was a proponent of public education and of learning by doing. [4] Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Main article: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Date: 1770–1831 Realism Aristotle Bust of Aristotle. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original by Lysippos from 330 B. C. Main article: Aristotle Date: 384 BC – 322 BC Only fragments of Aristotle’s treatise On Education are still in existence. We thus know of his philosophy of education primarily through brief passages in other works. Aristotle considered human nature, habit and reason to be equally important forces to be cultivated in education. [1] Thus, for example, he considered repetition to be a key tool to develop good habits. The teacher was to lead the student systematically; this differs, for example, from Socrates’ emphasis on questioning his listeners to bring out their own ideas (though the comparison is perhaps incongruous since Socrates was dealing with adults). Aristotle placed great emphasis on balancing the theoretical and practical aspects of subjects taught. Subjects he explicitly mentions as being important included reading, writing and mathematics; music; physical education; literature and history; and a wide range of sciences. He also mentioned the importance of play. One of education’s primary missions for Aristotle, perhaps its most important, was to produce good and virtuous citizens for the polis. All who have meditated on the art of governing mankind have been convinced that the fate of empires depends on the education of youth. [2] Avicenna Main article: Avicenna Date: 980 AD – 1037 AD In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madrasahs (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to a mosque. In the 11th century, Ibn Sina (known as Avicenna in the West), wrote a chapter dealing with the maktab entitled â€Å"The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children†, as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sina described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school. [5] Ibn Sina wrote that children should be sent to a maktab school from the age of 6 and be taught primary education until they reach the age of 14. During which time, he wrote that they should be taught the Qur’an, Islamic metaphysics, language, literature, Islamic ethics, and manual skills (which could refer to a variety of practical skills). [5] Ibn Sina refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as the period of specialization, when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be given a choice to choose and specialize in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature, preaching, medicine, geometry, trade and commerce, craftsmanship, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student’s emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account. [6] The empiricist theory of ‘tabula rasa’ was also developed by Ibn Sina. He argued that the â€Å"human intellect at birth is rather like a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that is actualized through education and comes to know† and that knowledge is attained through â€Å"empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts† which is developed through a â€Å"syllogistic method of reasoning; observations lead to prepositional statements, which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts. † He further argued that the intellect itself â€Å"possesses levels of development from the material intellect (al-‘aql al-hayulani), that potentiality that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-‘aql al-fa‘il), the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge. â€Å"[7]

Spirit Bound Chapter Three

THE NEXT COUPLE OF DAYS were strange. The other novices and I might have had the flashiest graduation, but we weren't the only ones finishing our education at St. Vladimir's. The Moroi had their own commencement ceremony, and campus grew packed with visitors. Then, almost as quickly as they came, parents disappeared–taking their sons and daughters with them. Royal Moroi left to spend their summers with their parents at luxury estates–many in the Southern Hemisphere, where the days were shorter this time of year. â€Å"Ordinary† Moroi left with their parents too, off to more modest homes, possibly getting summer jobs before college. And of course, with school wrapping up for the summer, all the other students left too. Some with no family to go home to, usually dhampirs, stayed year-round, taking special electives, but they were the minority. Campus grew emptier each day as my classmates and I waited for the day when we'd be taken to the Royal Court. We made our farewells to others, Moroi moving on or younger dhampirs who'd soon be following in our footsteps. One person I was sad to part with was Jill. I happened to catch her as I was walking toward Lissa's dorm the day before my Court trip. There was a woman with Jill, presumably her mother, and both were carrying boxes. Jill's face lit up when she saw me. â€Å"Hey Rose! I said goodbye to everyone else but couldn't find you,† she said excitedly. I smiled. â€Å"Well, I'm glad you caught me.† I couldn't tell her that I'd been saying goodbye too. I'd spent my last day at St. Vladimir's walking all the familiar sites, starting with the elementary campus where Lissa and I had first met in kindergarten. I'd explored the halls and corners of my dorms, walked past favorite classrooms, and even visited the chapel. I'd also passed a lot of time in areas filled with bittersweet memories, like the training areas where I'd first gotten to know Dimitri. The track where he used to make me run laps. The cabin where we'd finally given in to each other. It had been one of the most amazing nights of my life, and thinking about it always brought me both joy and pain. Jill didn't need to be burdened with any of that, though. I turned toward her mother and started to offer my hand until I realized she couldn't shake it while maneuvering the box. â€Å"I'm Rose Hathaway. Here, let me carry that.† I took it before she could protest because I was certain she would. â€Å"Thank you,† she said, pleasantly surprised. I fell in step with them as they began walking again. â€Å"I'm Emily Mastrano. Jill's told me a lot about you.† â€Å"Oh yeah?† I asked, giving Jill a teasing smile. â€Å"Not that much. Just how I hang out with you sometimes.† There was a slight warning in Jill's green eyes, and it occurred to me that Emily probably didn't know her daughter practiced forbidden forms of Strigoi-killing magic in her free time. â€Å"We like having Jill around,† I said, not blowing her cover. â€Å"And one of these days, we're going to teach her to tame that hair.† Emily laughed. â€Å"I've been trying for almost fifteen years. Good luck.† Jill's mother was stunning. The two didn't resemble each other much, at least not superficially. Emily's lustrous hair was straight and black, her eyes deep blue and long-lashed. She moved with a willowy grace, very different from Jill's always self-conscious walk. Yet, I could see the shared genes here and there, the heart-shaped faces and lip shapes. Jill was still young, and as she grew into her features, she'd likely be a heartbreaker herself someday–something she was probably oblivious to right now. Hopefully her self-confidence would grow. â€Å"Where's home for you guys?† I asked. â€Å"Detroit,† said Jill, making a face. â€Å"It's not that bad,† laughed her mom. â€Å"There are no mountains. Just highways.† â€Å"I'm part of a ballet company there,† Emily explained. â€Å"So we stay where we can pay the bills.† I think I was more surprised that people went to the ballet in Detroit than that Emily was a ballerina. It made sense, watching her, and really, with their tall and slim builds, Moroi were ideal dancers as far as humans were concerned. â€Å"Hey, it's a big city,† I told Jill. â€Å"Enjoy the excitement while you can before you come back to the boring middle of nowhere.† Of course, illicit combat training and Strigoi attacks were hardly boring, but I wanted to make Jill feel better. â€Å"And it won't be that long.† Moroi summer vacations were barely two months. Parents were eager to return their children to the safety of the Academy. â€Å"I guess,† said Jill, not sounding convinced. We reached their car, and I loaded the boxes into the trunk. â€Å"I'll e-mail you when I can,† I promised. â€Å"And I bet Christian will too. Maybe I can even talk Adrian into it.† Jill brightened, and I was happy to see her return to her normal overexcited self. â€Å"Really? That would be great. I want to hear everything that goes on at Court. You'll probably get to do all sorts of cool things with Lissa and Adrian, and I bet Christian will find out all sorts of things†¦ about things.† Emily didn't seem to notice Jill's lame editing attempt and instead fixed me with a pretty smile. â€Å"Thanks for your help, Rose. It was great to meet you.† â€Å"You too–umph!† Jill had thrown herself into me with a hug. â€Å"Good luck with everything,† she said. â€Å"You're so lucky–you're going to have such a great life now!† I returned the hug, unable to explain how jealous of her I was. Her life was still safe and innocent. She might resent spending a summer in Detroit, but the stay would be brief, and soon she'd be back in the familiar and easy world of St. Vladimir's. She wouldn't be setting out into the unknown and its dangers. It was only after she and her mother had driven off that I could bring myself to respond to her comment. â€Å"I hope so,† I murmured, thinking about what was to come. â€Å"I hope so.† My classmates and select Moroi flew out early the next day, leaving the rocky mountains of Montana behind for the rolling hills of Pennsylvania. The Royal Court was a lot like I remembered, with the same imposing, ancient feel that St. Vladimir's tried to impart with its towering buildings and intricate stone architecture. But the school also seemed to want to show off a wise, studious air, whereas the Court was more ostentatious. It was like the buildings themselves tried to make sure we all knew that this was the seat of power and royalty among the Moroi. The Royal Court wanted us to be amazed and maybe a little cowed. And even though I'd been here before, I was still impressed. The doors and windows of the tan stone buildings were embossed and framed in pristine golden decorations. They were a far cry from the brightness I'd seen in Russia, but I realized now that the Court's designers had modeled these buildings off the old European ones–the fortresses and palaces of Saint Petersburg. St. Vladimir's had benches and paths in the quads and courtyards, but the Court went a step further. Fountains and elaborate statues of past rulers adorned the lawns, exquisite marble works that had previously been hidden in snow. Now, in the full throes of summer, they were bright and on display. And everywhere, everywhere were flowers on trees, bushes, paths–it was dazzling. It made sense that new grads would visit the guardians' central administration, but it occurred to me that there was another reason they brought new guardians here in the summer. They wanted my classmates and me to see all of this, to be overwhelmed and appreciative of the glory for which we were fighting. Looking at the faces of the new graduates, I knew the tactic was working. Most had never been here before. Lissa and Adrian had been on my flight, and the three of us clustered together as we walked with the group. It was as warm as it had been in Montana, but the humidity here was much thicker. I was sweating after only a little light walking. â€Å"You did bring a dress this time, right?† asked Adrian. â€Å"Of course,† I said. â€Å"They've got some fancy things they want us to go to, aside from the main reception. Although, they might give me my black-and-white for that.† He shook his head, and I noticed his hand start to move toward his pocket before hesitating and pulling back. He might have been making progress in quitting smoking, but I was pretty sure the subconscious urge to automatically reach for a pack when outdoors was hard to get rid of so quickly. â€Å"I mean for tonight. For dinner.† I glanced questioningly at Lissa. Her schedule at Court always had assorted functions thrown into it that â€Å"average people† didn't attend. With my new and uncertain status, I wasn't sure if I'd be going with her. I sensed her puzzlement through the bond and could tell that she didn't have a clue about any special dinner plans. â€Å"What dinner?† I asked. â€Å"The one I set up with my family.† â€Å"The one you–† I came to an abrupt halt and stared wide-eyed, not liking the smirk on his face one bit. â€Å"Adrian!† A few of the new grads gave me curious looks and continued walking around us. â€Å"Come on, we've been going out a couple months. Meeting parents is part of the dating ritual. I've met your mom. I even met your scary-ass dad. Now it's your turn. I guarantee none of my family's gonna make the kind of suggestions your dad did.† I'd actually kind of met Adrian's dad before. Or, well, I'd seen him at a party. I doubted he had any idea who I was–my crazy reputation aside. I knew almost nothing about Adrian's mother. He actually spoke very little about his family members–well, most of them. â€Å"Just your parents?† I asked warily. â€Å"Any other family I should know about?† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Adrian's hand twitched again. I think this time he wanted a cigarette as some sort of protection from the warning note in my voice. Lissa, I observed, seemed highly amused by all of this. â€Å"My favorite great-aunt might stop by.† â€Å"Tatiana?† I exclaimed. For the hundredth time, I wondered how I had lucked out with a guy related to the leader of the entire Moroi world. â€Å"She hates me! You know what happened the last time we talked.† Her Royal Majesty had laid into me, yelling about how I was too trashy to hook up with her nephew and how she had great â€Å"plans† for him and Lissa. â€Å"I think she's come around.† â€Å"Oh, come on.† â€Å"No, really.† He almost looked like he was telling the truth. â€Å"I talked to my mom the other day, and†¦ I don't know. Aunt Tatiana doesn't seem to hate you as much.† I frowned, and the three of us began to walk again. â€Å"Maybe she admires your recent vigilante work,† mused Lissa. â€Å"Maybe,† I said. But I didn't really believe it. If anything, me going rogue should have made me more despicable in the queen's eyes. I felt kind of betrayed that Adrian had sprung this dinner on me, but there was nothing to be done about it now. The only bright side was that I had the impression he was teasing me about his aunt stopping by. I told him I'd go, and my decision put him in a good enough mood that he didn't ask too many questions when Lissa and I said we were going to do â€Å"our own thing† that afternoon. My classmates were all getting a tour of the Court and its grounds as part of their indoctrination, but I'd seen it all before and was able to wiggle out of it. Lissa and I dropped our belongings off in our rooms and then set out to the far side of the Court, where the not-so-royal people lived. â€Å"Are you going to tell me yet what this other part of your plan is?† asked Lissa. Ever since Abe had explained about Victor's prison, I'd been making another mental list of the problems we'd have breaking into it. Mainly, there were two, which was one less than I'd initially had since talking to Abe. Not that things were really much easier. First, we had no clue where in Alaska this place was. Second, we didn't know what the prison's defenses and layout were like. We had no idea what we had to bust through. Yet, something told me all of these answers could be found in one source, which meant I really only had one immediate problem: how to reach that source. Fortunately, I knew someone who might be able to help get us there. â€Å"We're going to see Mia,† I told her. Mia Rinaldi was a former Moroi classmate of ours–a former enemy, actually. She was also the poster child for total personality makeovers. She'd gone from a scheming bitch who was willing to crush–and sleep with–anyone in her quest for popularity to a down-to-earth, confident girl eager to learn to defend herself and others from Strigoi. She lived here at Court with her father. â€Å"You think Mia knows how to break into a prison?† â€Å"Mia's good, but I don't think she's that good. She can probably help us get intel, though.† Lissa groaned. â€Å"I can't believe you just used the word intel. This really is turning into a spy movie.† She spoke flippantly, but I could feel the worry within her. The light tone was masking her fear, the unease she still felt about freeing Victor, despite her promise to me. Those non-royals who worked and did ordinary things at Court lived in apartments far from the queen's quarters and receiving hall. I'd gotten Mia's address in advance, and we set out across the perfectly manicured grounds, grumbling to each other along the way about the hot day. We found her at home, casually dressed in jeans and a T-shirt with a Popsicle in her hand. Her eyes widened when she saw us outside her door. â€Å"Well, I'll be damned,† she said. I laughed. It was the kind of response I'd give. â€Å"Nice to see you too. Can we come in?† â€Å"Of course.† She stepped aside. â€Å"You want a Popsicle?† Did I ever. I took a grape one and sat with her and Lissa in the small living room. The place was a far cry from the opulence of royal guest housing, but it was cozy and clean and undoubtedly well loved by Mia and her father. â€Å"I knew the grads were coming,† Mia said, brushing blond curls out of her face. â€Å"But I wasn't sure if you were with them or not. Did you even graduate?† â€Å"I did,† I said. â€Å"Got the promise mark and everything.† I lifted my hair so she could see the bandage. â€Å"I'm surprised they let you back in after you took off on your killing spree. Or did you get extra credit for that?† Apparently, Mia had heard the same tall tale about my adventures that everyone else had. That was fine with me. I didn't want to talk about the truth. I didn't want to talk about Dimitri. â€Å"Do you think anyone could stop Rose from doing what she wants?† asked Lissa with a smile. She was trying to keep us from getting into too much detail about my past whereabouts, for which I was grateful. Mia laughed and crunched on a big chunk of lime ice. It was a wonder she didn't get brain freeze. â€Å"True.† Her smile faded as she swallowed the bite. Her blue eyes, always shrewd, studied me in silence for a few moments. â€Å"And Rose wants something now.† â€Å"Hey, we're just happy to see you,† I said. â€Å"I believe you. But I also believe you've got an ulterior motive.† Lissa's smile grew. She was amused by me being caught in my spy game. â€Å"What makes you say that? Can you read Rose that well or do you just always assume she's got an ulterior motive?† Now Mia smiled again. â€Å"Both.† She scooted forward on the couch, fixing me with a serious look. When had she grown so perceptive? â€Å"Okay. No point in wasting time. What do you need my help with?† I sighed, busted. â€Å"I need to get inside the guardians' main security office.† Beside me, Lissa made a sort of strangled noise. I felt kind of bad for her. While she could conceal her thoughts from me on occasion, there wasn't much she did or said that came as a true surprise. Me? I continually blindsided her. She had no clue what was coming half the time, but honestly, if we were planning on springing a renowned criminal out of prison, then breaking into a security office shouldn't have been that big of a shock. â€Å"Wow,† said Mia. â€Å"You don't waste time with the little stuff.† Her grin twitched a bit. â€Å"Of course, you wouldn't come to me with little stuff. You could do that yourself.† â€Å"Can you get me–us–in there?† I asked. â€Å"You're friendly with some of the guardians here†¦ and your dad has access to a lot of places†¦.† I didn't know Mr. Rinaldi's exact job, but I thought it was maintenance-related. â€Å"What are you looking for?† she asked. She held up a hand when I opened my mouth to protest. â€Å"No, no. I don't need details. Just a general idea so I can figure this out. I know you're not going there just to tour the place.† â€Å"I need some records,† I explained. Her eyebrows rose. â€Å"Personnel? Trying to get yourself a job?† â€Å"I–no.† Huh. That wasn't a bad idea, considering my precarious position with being assigned to Lissa. But no. One issue at a time. â€Å"I need some records about outside security at other places–schools, royal homes, prisons.† I tried to keep my expression casual as I mentioned that last one. Mia was on board with some crazy things, but even she had her limits. â€Å"I figured they must keep that stuff there?† â€Å"They do,† she said. â€Å"But most of it's electronic. And no offense, but that might even be beyond your abilities. Even if we could get to one of their computers, everything's password protected. And if they walk away, they lock the computers. I'm guessing you haven't become a hacker since the last time I saw you.† No, certainly not. And unlike the heroes of those spy movies Lissa teased me about, I had no tech-savvy friends who could even come close to breaking that kind of encryption and security. Damn. I stared glumly at my feet, wondering if I had any chance at all of getting more information out of Abe. â€Å"But,† said Mia, â€Å"if the information you need isn't too current, they might still have paper copies.† I jerked my head up. â€Å"Where?† â€Å"They've got mass storage rooms, tucked away in one of the basements. Files and files. Still under lock and key–but probably easier to get to than fighting the computers. Again, depends on what you need. How old it is.† Abe had given me the impression that Tarasov Prison had been around for a while. Surely there was a record of it in these archives. I didn't doubt the guardians had gone digital a while ago, which meant we might not find up-to-the-minute details on the place's security, but I'd settle for a blueprint. â€Å"It might be what we need. Can you get us in?† Mia was quiet for several seconds, and I could see her mind whirring. â€Å"Possibly.† She glanced at Lissa. â€Å"Can you still compel people into being your slaves?† Lissa grimaced. â€Å"I don't like to think of it like that, but yeah, I can.† It was another of spirit's perks. Mia considered a few moments more and then gave a quick nod. â€Å"Okay. Come back around two, and we'll see what we can do.† Two in the afternoon for the rest of the world meant the middle of the night for Moroi, who ran on a nocturnal schedule. Being out in broad daylight didn't feel particularly sneaky, but I had to figure Mia's planning here was based on the fact that there would also be fewer people around that time of day. I was trying to decide if we should socialize more or head out when a knock interrupted my thoughts. Mia flinched and suddenly looked uncomfortable. She rose to get the door, and a familiar voice drifted down the hall toward us. â€Å"Sorry I'm early, but I–â€Å" Christian stepped into the living room. He abruptly shut up when he saw Lissa and me. Everyone seemed frozen, so it looked like it was up to me to pretend like this wasn't a horribly awkward situation. â€Å"Hey, Christian,† I said cheerfully. â€Å"How's it going?† His eyes were on Lissa, and it took him a moment to drag them to me. â€Å"Fine.† He glanced at Mia. â€Å"I can come back†¦. â€Å" Lissa hastily stood up. â€Å"No,† she said, voice cool and princesslike. â€Å"Rose and I have to go anyway.† â€Å"Yeah,† I agreed, following her lead. â€Å"We have†¦ stuff†¦ to do. And we don't want to interrupt your†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hell, I had no idea what they were going to do. Wasn't sure I wanted to. Mia had found her voice. â€Å"Christian wanted to see some of the moves I've been practicing with the campus guardians.† â€Å"Cool.† I kept the smile on my face as Lissa and I moved toward the door. She stepped as far around Christian as she could. â€Å"Jill will be jealous.† And not just Jill. After another round of goodbyes, Lissa and I left and set back off across the grounds. I could feel the anger and jealousy radiating through her bond. â€Å"It's only their fight club, Liss,† I said, having no need for her side of the conversation. â€Å"Nothing's going on. They're going to talk punches and kicking and other boring stuff.† Well, actually that stuff was pretty sweet, but I wasn't about to glorify Christian and Mia hanging out. â€Å"Maybe now nothing's going on,† she growled, staring stonily ahead. â€Å"But who knows what could happen? They spend time together, practice some physical moves, one thing leads to another–â€Å" â€Å"That's ridiculous,† I said. â€Å"That kind of stuff isn't romantic at all.† Another lie, seeing as that was exactly how my relationship with Dimitri had begun. Again, best not to mention that. â€Å"Besides, Christian can't be involved with every girl he hangs out with. Mia, Jill–no offense, but he's not really that much of a ladies' man.† â€Å"He's really good-looking,† she argued, those dark feelings still seething within her. â€Å"Yeah,† I conceded, keeping my eyes carefully on the pathway. â€Å"But it takes more than that. And besides, I thought you didn't care what he did.† â€Å"I don't,† she agreed, not even convincing herself, let alone me. â€Å"Not at all.† My attempts to distract her proved pretty useless for the rest of the day. Tasha's words came back to me: Why haven't you fixed this? Because Lissa and Christian were being too damned unreasonable, both caught up in their own pissed-off feelings–which were kind of pissing me off in return. Christian would have been pretty helpful in my illicit escapades, but I had to keep my distance for Lissa's sake. I finally left her to her bad mood when dinner came around. Compared to her romantic situation, my relationship with a semi-spoiled royal playboy from a disapproving family seemed downright optimistic. What a sad and scary world this was becoming. I assured Lissa I'd head straight back after dinner and that we'd go see Mia together. The mention of Mia didn't make Lissa happy, but the thought of a potential break-in did distract her momentarily from Christian. The dress I had for dinner was maroon, made of light, gauzy material that was great for summer weather. The neckline was decent, and little cap sleeves gave it a classy edge. With my hair in a low ponytail that did a decent job of hiding the healing tattoo, I almost looked like a respectable girlfriend–which only went to show how deceptive appearances were, seeing as I was part of a crazy scheme to bring my last boyfriend back from the dead. Adrian surveyed me from head to toe when I arrived at his parents' town house. They kept a permanent residence here at the Court. The small smile on his face told me he liked what he saw. â€Å"You approve?† I asked, spinning around. He slipped an arm around my waist. â€Å"Unfortunately, yes. I was hoping you'd show up in something a lot sluttier. Something that would scandalize my parents.† â€Å"Sometimes it's like you don't even care about me as a person,† I observed as we walked inside. â€Å"It's like you're just using me for shock value.† â€Å"It's both, little dhampir. I care about you, and I'm using you for shock value.† I hid a smile as the Ivashkovs' housekeeper led us toward the dining room. The Court actually had restaurants and cafes tucked away within its buildings, but royals like Adrian's parents would consider it classier to have a fancy dinner in their home. Me, I would have preferred being out in public. More escape options. â€Å"You must be Rose.† My assessment of the exits was interrupted when a very tall, very elegant Moroi woman came into the room. She wore a long, dark green satin dress that immediately made me feel out of place and that perfectly matched the color of her–and Adrian's–eyes. Her dark hair was pulled into a bun, and she smiled down at me with genuine warmth as she took my hand. â€Å"I'm Daniella Ivashkov,† she said. â€Å"It's very nice to meet you at last.† Was it really? My hand automatically shook hers in return. â€Å"Nice to meet you too, Lady Ivashkov.† â€Å"Call me Daniella, please.† She turned to Adrian and tsked as she straightened the collar of his button-up shirt. â€Å"Honestly, darling,† she said. â€Å"Do you even look in a mirror before you walk out the door? Your hair's a mess.† He dodged her as she reached toward his head. â€Å"Are you kidding? I spent hours in front of the mirror to make it look this way.† She gave a tormented sigh. â€Å"Some days I can't decide if I'm lucky or not to have no other children.† Behind her, quiet servants were setting food out on the table. Steam rose up from the platters, and my stomach rumbled. I hoped no one else heard. Daniella glanced off down the hall beyond her. â€Å"Nathan, will you hurry up? The food's getting cold.† A few moments later, heavy footsteps sounded on the ornate wood floor, and Nathan Ivashkov swept into the room. Like his wife, he was dressed formally, the blue satin of his tie gleaming next to the starkness of his heavy black suit coat. I was glad they had air-conditioning in here, or he'd have been melting in that heavy fabric. The feature on him that stood out the most was what I remembered from before: a distinctly silver head of hair and mustache. I wondered if Adrian's hair would look like that when he was older. Nah, I'd never find out. Adrian would probably dye his hair at the first sign of gray–or silver. Adrian's father might be exactly as I remembered, but it was clear he had no clue who I was. In fact, he seemed genuinely startled to see me. â€Å"This is Adrian's, ah, friend, Rose Hathaway,† said Daniella gently. â€Å"You remember–he said he'd bring her tonight.† â€Å"It's nice to meet you, Lord Ivashkov.† Unlike his wife, he didn't offer to put us on a first-name basis, which relieved me a little. The Strigoi who had forcefully turned Dimitri had been named Nathan too, and it wasn't a name I wanted to speak aloud. Adrian's father looked me over, but it wasn't with the appreciation Adrian had shown earlier. It was more like I was an oddity. â€Å"Oh. The dhampir girl.† He wasn't rude exactly, just disinterested. I mean, it wasn't like he called me a blood whore or anything. We all sat down to eat, and although Adrian kept his typical devil-may-care smile on his face, I again got the vibe that he really, really wanted a cigarette. Probably hard liquor, too. Being around his parents was not something he enjoyed. When one of the servants poured us all wine, Adrian looked immensely relieved and didn't hold back. I shot him a cautioning look that he ignored. Nathan managed to rapidly devour his balsamic-glazed pork medallions while still looking elegant and proper. â€Å"So,† he said, attention focused on Adrian, â€Å"now that Vasilisa's graduated, what are you going to do with yourself? You aren't going to keep slumming with high school students, are you? There's no point in you being there anymore.† â€Å"I don't know,† said Adrian lazily. He shook his head, further tousling his carefully mussed hair. â€Å"I kind of like hanging out with them. They think I'm funnier than I really am.† â€Å"Unsurprising,† his father replied. â€Å"You aren't funny at all. It's time you do something productive. If you aren't going to go back to college, you should at least start sitting in on some of the family business meetings. Tatiana spoils you, but you could learn a lot from Rufus.† I knew enough about royal politics to recognize the name. The oldest member of each family was usually its â€Å"prince† or â€Å"princess† and held a Royal Council position–and was eligible to become king or queen. When Tatiana had taken the crown, Rufus had become prince of the Ivashkov family since he was the next oldest. â€Å"True,† said Adrian deadpan. He wasn't eating so much as pushing his food around. â€Å"I'd really like to know how he keeps his two mistresses a secret from his wife.† â€Å"Adrian!† snapped Daniella, a flush spilling over her pale cheeks. â€Å"Don't say things like that at our dinner table–and certainly not in front of a guest.† Nathan seemed to notice me again and gave a dismissive shrug. â€Å"She doesn't matter.† I bit my lip on that, repressing the urge to see if I could throw my china plate Frisbee style and hit him in the head. I decided against it. Not only would it ruin dinner, but the plate probably wouldn't get the lift I needed. Nathan turned his scowl back to Adrian. â€Å"But you do. I'm not going to have you sitting around doing nothing–and using our money to fund it.† Something told me I should stay out of this, but I couldn't stand to see Adrian dressed down by his annoying father. Adrian did sit around and waste money, but Nathan didn't have the right to make fun of him for it. I mean, sure, I did all the time. But that was different. â€Å"Maybe you could go to Lehigh with Lissa,† I offered. â€Å"Keep studying spirit with her and then†¦ do whatever else you were doing the last time you were in college†¦.† â€Å"Drinking and skipping classes,† said Nathan. â€Å"Art,† said Daniella. â€Å"Adrian took art classes.† â€Å"Really?† I asked, turning to him in surprise. Somehow, I could imagine him as an artistic type. It fit his erratic personality. â€Å"Then this would be perfect. You could pick it up again.† He shrugged and finished his second glass of wine. â€Å"I don't know. This college would probably have the same problem the last one did.† I frowned. â€Å"What's that?† â€Å"Homework.† â€Å"Adrian,† growled his father. â€Å"It's okay,† said Adrian breezily. He rested his arm casually on the table. â€Å"I don't really need a job or extra money. After Rose and I get married, the kids and I'll just live off of her guardian paycheck.† We all froze, even me. I knew perfectly well that he was joking. I mean, even if he harbored fantasies of marriage and kids (and I was pretty sure he didn't), the meager salary a guardian made would never be enough to keep him in the luxurious life he required. Adrian's father, however, clearly did not think he was joking. Daniella seemed undecided. Me, I was just uncomfortable. It was a very, very bad topic to bring up at a dinner like this, and I couldn't believe Adrian had gone there. I didn't even think the wine was to blame. Adrian just liked tormenting his father that much. The awful silence grew thicker and thicker. My gut instinct to fill conversation voids was raging, but something told me to stay quiet. The tension increased. When the doorbell rang, all four of us nearly jumped out of our chairs. The housekeeper, Torrie, scurried off to answer it, and I breathed a mental sigh of relief. An unexpected visitor would help ease the tension. Or maybe not. Torrie cleared her throat when she returned, clearly flustered as she looked from Daniella to Nathan. â€Å"Her Royal Majesty Queen Tatiana is here.† No. Way. All three Ivashkovs stood up abruptly, and a half second later, I joined them. I hadn't believed Adrian earlier when he said Tatiana might come. From his face, he seemed pretty surprised now too. But sure enough, there she was. She swept into the room, elegant in what must have been business casual for her: tailored black slacks and jacket with a red silk and lace blouse underneath. Little jeweled barrettes gleamed in her dark hair, and those imperious eyes peered down at us all as we offered hasty bows. Even her own family followed formalities. â€Å"Aunt Tatiana,† said Nathan, forcing what looked like a smile onto his face. I don't think he did it very often. â€Å"Won't you join us for dinner?† She waved a hand dismissively. â€Å"No, no. I can't stay. I'm on my way to meet with Priscilla but thought I'd stop by when I heard Adrian had returned.† Her gaze fell on him. â€Å"I can't believe you've been here all day and didn't come visit.† Her voice was cool, but I swear there was an amused twinkle in her eyes. It was scary. She wasn't someone I thought of as warm and fuzzy. The whole experience of seeing her outside of one of her ceremonial rooms was totally unreal. Adrian grinned at her. He was clearly the most comfortable person in the room right now. For reasons I never understood, Tatiana loved and spoiled Adrian. That wasn't to say that she didn't love her other family members; it was just clear that he was her favorite. It had always surprised me, considering what a scoundrel he was sometimes. â€Å"Aw, I figured you had more important things to do than see me,† he told her. â€Å"Besides, I quit smoking, so now we won't be able to go sneak cigarettes out behind the throne room together.† â€Å"Adrian!† chastised Nathan, turning bright red. It occurred to me then that I could have based a drinking game around how many times he exclaimed his son's name disapprovingly. â€Å"Auntie, I'm sor–â€Å" Tatiana held up a hand again. â€Å"Oh, be silent, Nathan. No one wants to hear it.† I almost choked. Being in the same room with the queen was horrid, but it was almost worth it to see her verbally bitch-slap Lord Ivashkov. She turned back to Adrian, face thawing. â€Å"You've finally quit? It's about time. I suppose this is your doing?† It took me a moment to realize she was speaking to me. Until that point, I'd kind of hoped she might not have even noticed me. It seemed the only explanation for her not screaming at them to remove the rebellious little blood whore. It was shocking. Her voice wasn't accusatory, either. It was†¦ impressed. â€Å"W-well, it wasn't me, Your Majesty,† I said. My meekness was a far cry from my behavior at our last meeting. â€Å"Adrian was the one who had the, uh, determination to do it.† So help me, Tatiana chuckled. â€Å"Very diplomatic. They should assign you to a politician.† Nathan didn't like the attention on me. I wasn't sure I did either, semi-pleasant or not. â€Å"Are you and Priscilla doing business tonight? Or just having a friendly dinner?† Tatiana dragged her gaze from me. â€Å"Both. There's been some inter-family squabbling going on. Not publicly, but it's getting out. People are making noise about security. Some are ready to start training up right now. Others are wondering if guardians can go without sleep.† She rolled her eyes. â€Å"And those are the tamest of the suggestions.† No question about it. This visit had gotten a lot more interesting. â€Å"I hope you're going to shut those would-be militants up,† growled Nathan. â€Å"Us fighting alongside guardians is absurd.† â€Å"What's absurd,† said Tatiana, â€Å"is having strife among the royal classes. That's what I want to ‘shut up.'† Her tone grew lofty, very queenlike. â€Å"We're the leaders among the Moroi. We have to set an example. We need to be unified to survive.† I studied her curiously. What did that mean? She hadn't agreed or disagreed with Nathan's stance on Moroi fighting. She'd only mentioned establishing peace among her people. But how? Was her method to encourage the new motion or squash it? Security was a huge concern for everyone after the attack, and it fell on her to figure it out. â€Å"Sounds pretty hard to me,† said Adrian, playing oblivious to the seriousness of the matter. â€Å"If you still want a cigarette afterward, I'll make an exception.† â€Å"I'll settle for you coming to make a proper visit tomorrow,† she said dryly. â€Å"Leave the cigarettes at home.† She glanced at his empty wineglass. â€Å"And other things.† A flash of steely resolve crossed her gaze, and even though it melted as quickly as it had come, I felt almost relieved. There was the icy Tatiana I knew. He saluted. â€Å"Noted.† Tatiana gave the rest of us brief glances. â€Å"Have a good evening,† was her only farewell. We bowed again, and then she headed back toward the front door. As she did, I heard scuffling and murmured voices. She'd been traveling with a retinue, I realized, and had left them all in the foyer while she came to say hello to Adrian. Dinner was quiet after that. Tatiana's visit had kind of left us all astonished. At least it meant I didn't have to hear Adrian and his father bicker anymore. Daniella mostly maintained what little conversation there was, attempting to inquire about my interests, and I realized she hadn't said a word during Tatiana's brief visit. Daniella had married into the Ivashkovs, and I wondered if she found the queen intimidating. When the time came for us to leave, Daniella was all smiles while Nathan retired to his study. â€Å"You need to come by more often,† she told Adrian, smoothing his hair in spite of his protests. â€Å"And you're welcome anytime, Rose.† â€Å"Thank you,† I said, dumbfounded. I kept studying her face to see if she was lying, but I didn't think she was. It made no sense. Moroi didn't approve of long-term relationships with dhampirs. Royal Moroi especially didn't. And royal Moroi related to the queen especially didn't, at least if past experience was any indication. Adrian sighed. â€Å"Maybe if he's not around. Oh, damn. That reminds me. I left my coat here last time–I wanted to get out too fast.† â€Å"You've got, like, fifty coats,† I remarked. â€Å"Ask Torrie,† said Daniella. â€Å"She'll know where it is.† Adrian went off to find the housekeeper, leaving me with his mother. I should have made polite, inconsequential small talk, but my curiosity was getting the better of me. â€Å"Dinner was really great,† I told her honestly. â€Å"And I hope you won't take this the wrong way†¦ but I mean†¦ well, you seem okay with Adrian and me dating.† She nodded serenely. â€Å"I am.† â€Å"And†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Well, it had to be said. â€Å"Tat–Queen Tatiana kind of seemed okay with it too.† â€Å"She is.† I made sure my jaw didn't drop to the floor. â€Å"But†¦ I mean, the last time I talked to her, she was really mad. She kept telling me over and over how she'd never allow us to be together in the future or get married or anything like that.† I cringed, recalling Adrian's joke. â€Å"I figured you'd feel the same. Lord Ivashkov does. You can't really want your son to be with a dhampir forever.† Daniella's smile was kind but wry. â€Å"Do you plan on being with him forever? Do you plan on marrying him and settling down?† The question totally caught me off guard. â€Å"I†¦ no†¦ I mean, no offense to Adrian. I just never–â€Å" â€Å"Planned on settling down at all?† She nodded wisely. â€Å"That's what I thought. Believe me, I know Adrian wasn't serious earlier. Everyone's jumping to conclusions that haven't even happened. I've heard of you, Rose–everyone has. And I admire you. And based on what I've learned, I'm guessing you aren't the type who would quit being a guardian to be a housewife.† â€Å"You're right,† I admitted. â€Å"Then I don't see the problem. You're both young. You're entitled to have fun and do what you want now, but I–you and I–know that even if you see Adrian off and on for the rest of your life, you aren't going to get married or settle down. And it has nothing to do with what Nathan or anyone says. It's the way of the world. It's the kind of person you are. I can see it in your eyes. Tatiana's realized it too, and that's why she eased up. You need to be out there fighting, and that's what you'll do. At least if you truly intend to be a guardian.† â€Å"I do.† I was staring at her in wonder. Her attitude was amazing. She was the first royal I'd met who hadn't immediately freaked out and gone crazy over the idea of a Moroi and dhampir match. If other people shared her view, it would make a lot of others' lives easier. And she was right. It didn't matter what Nathan thought. It wouldn't have even mattered if Dimitri had been around. The bottom line was that Adrian and I wouldn't be together for the rest of our lives because I'd always be on guardian duty, not lounging around like he did. Realizing that freed things up†¦ yet it made me a little sad too. Behind her, I could see Adrian approaching down the hall. Daniella leaned forward, pitching her voice low for me. There was a wistful note to her words when she spoke, the tone of a concerned mother. â€Å"But Rose? While I'm fine with you two dating and being happy, please try not to break his heart too much when the time comes.†

Should Marriage Preparation Classes Be Required for Engaged Couples?

Many contemporary couples have problems in their houses because they were not prepared to get married. Furthermore, couples who were prepared have problems. In the last decade more and more couples are taking marriage classes before they get married. Many people reject the classes because for them it is a ridiculous thing. Also, they believe that a couple has to learn from its own problems, not with classes. Nevertheless, marriage preparation classes should be required for engaged couples because those classes teach the couples how to prepared for what is in store for them, deal with marriage troubles, and have confidence in their partner.These days, couples are marrying without the knowledge that you will get more responsibilities if you get married, and those couples must get more trouble at home. Therefore, marriage preparation classes prepare those couples who want to avoid those kinds of problems. All those classes prepare the couples and teach them about what is in store for th em. When someone gets married he or she has to acknowledge what kind of responsibilities he or she is getting.When people get married they lose many things that they used to do. They have to forgot too many hobbies, things they used to do and also friends. Moreover, they have to prepare themselves for children and all the responsibilities that a child give to someone. Furthermore, they have to support a family; they have to work, get a job, and so on. Those problems are taught by a marriage preparation class.There is another thing that a marriage preparation class teaches: how to deal with marriage problems. In the first or second year for a couple after they get married, maybe they will not have an encountered with any problems. However, when the responsibilities are increasing more and more the problems start to appear. Maybe those problems are: the husband is not at home too much time, the husband or wife’s salary is not enough to pay bills, they have a lack of time to be together and to share sentiments, and so on. When those problems appear, the couples start to be desperate and probably they will divorce. However, those couples who take the class know how to deal with those problems. They will know how to make a conversation with the partner without an argument.Marriage preparation classes make a kind of confidence in the couple. Those classes teach how to have confidence with the partner, and how to create confidence. The most common case of unconfidence is when he or she is thinking â€Å"My partner is having an affair†. The confidence in a relationship is the most important thing because it creates security and also love. Moreover, the confidence that a couple has in each other is important to make a stronger relationship. As a result, the husband or wife will not have any doubt about his or her husband or wife.In conclusion, the marriage preparation classes are very important to have a successful relationship in the future. Therefore, t hose classes should be required for engaged couples. When you will get married remember to be assisted by those classes, they will make you a better husband or wife. If you be assisted by those classes, your relationship will be better and comfortable.

Female Health Issues Created by the Patriarchal Media Capitalism Assignment

Female Health Issues Created by the Patriarchal Media Capitalism Resulting in Sexploitation of Women - Assignment Example The sexualization of women in media is a major cause behind these health issues. The need to address this problem is dire. THE NEED TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE When young girls see teenage popstars and models, they idolize them and try to imitate them. This imitation takes a dangerous take when these girls try to achieve the same body figures as the models they see in ads. What better example to cite then our very own Barbie doll. When this is topped up by the bombardment of sexual portrayals of women in ads, even those which promote exclusively male products, the poor girls just can’t help it. Any amount of awareness won’t do much unless the problem is nipped in the bud. We need to directly target the big media organizations that earn big bucks and, because of their vested interests, drown most voices of protest. According to the study of the American Psychological Association (Girls) on this issue, the sexploitation like this has negative impacts on the â€Å"cognitive fun ctioning, physical and mental health, and health sexual development† of girls. Cognitive functioning implies self-image problems and confidence in one’s own appearance. Research indicates that girls usually fail to build a health sexual image of them as a result of the influence of sexploitation. ... These are the people, who objectify women because at the end of the day they really are just objects of exploitation for them. This overwhelming corporate greed cannot be taken care of once and for all, but that should never discourage us from taking initiative. Billboards are full of women in few clothes with digitally edited faces and bodies impossible to have in the real world, music videos and movies highly glamourize and sexualize the image of women, even the newscasters seem to be getter sexier by the day. This has become a national and international epidemic. EPMC-MY ACTIVIST GROUP EPMC-End Patriarchal Media Capitalism is an activist organization that we have built to fight the menace of corporate media and force them to stop the objectification of women in such a way that it ends up affecting the health of women. We have chalked out a 5 year strategy to achieve our target of minimizing and eventually eradicating the sexualization of women in media. This mission is to be achie ved through the following important steps: Creating support for the project through publications, web presence, workshops and seminars, awareness programs, celebrities and other possible means. Meeting with celebrities and stars that hold influence over our target audience i.e. young girls, and taking these celebrities on board with us in our mission. Taking help from other activist organizations in digging up technical support. Talking to politically active people to help us campaign for national and international recognition. We would be requiring this recognition to fulfill the most important step. That step is the ultimate creation of a regulatory body that can give out penalties to any corporation or company etc. The regulatory body will have set standards through which

Communication and Personality in Negotiation Paper Research

Communication and Personality in Negotiation - Research Paper Example He was able to purchase the unit from a dental supplies store just outside their university for $275. The class did not get the chance to use the unit fully until one month after the purchase. While he was using the unit, he observed that it was making an unnecessarily noisy sound which was not apparent with other dental cure units. After one or two more uses, the bearing in the unit gave way. He immediately went back to the dental supplies store to return the unit. The store clerk asked for his receipt and noticed that it was already one month after the purchase. The clerk also noticed that the unit did not have a label or tag that they said they normally place in all dental cure units released from their supplies store. He immediately wanted to talk to the manager but the sales clerk told him that the manager was busy and that if he wanted to have the unit repaired or replaced, he would have to pay for $50, which he did not have at the time. He left the dental supplies store and le ft a message that he would return. He then asked for my help since he knew I had some skills in negotiation. I accompanied my cousin back to the store the next day and confronted the manager. The manager recognized my cousin and asked what the problem was. So, my cousin relayed the scenario and wanted to have the unit replaced or repaired, whichever is most immediate. The manager first reviewed the receipt and questioned how come the unit was to be returned one month after purchase. The warranty period only stipulated 10 days after purchase. And, after further inspection, the manager questioned the lack of label or tag on the unit. He said that if my cousin wants to have it repaired, he needs to pay for $50. But if he wants to have it replaced, they do not have the same model of lower price and instead was offering another model where an additional $100 needs to be paid. This is where I came in. First, I thanked the manager for personally attending to our dilemma. Then, I explained to him that the reason why the unit was returned only now was because the class professor did not require them to use the unit completely previous to two days ago. I informed him that we have the cellphone number of the professor in case he wants to verify and validate our statement. Secondly, I informed him that as a dental supplies store, they have the obligation to check all their units for the labels and tags before their release. The fact that this unit does not have any tag or label means that it was defective in some way or the other – the reason why, only after one or two uses, the bearing gave in. In this regard, they have the obligation to the customer to replace the unit or repair it without extra cost to the customer. In the end, I noted, it is always good to accommodate the complaints of the customers and validate the contentions. The way that their positively resolve conflicts would put in a good image to their store. The manager was first insisting that my cous in must have replaced the unit with a defective one. My cousin interjected by saying that â€Å"why would I replace the unit with a defective one when I need the unit badly for my classes and I have no other access to other dental cure units? Why would I trouble myself to do something which would jeopardize my academic performance?† I am sure you remember me and I took the unit directly from you when I came here to purchase it, just a month ago.

International Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Economic - Essay Example This would lead customers to prefer the old company than the new one and thus the infant industry would be trapped in a vicious cycle and in the end would have to close down. The infant industry argument is regarded as one of the greatest arguments of protection known. The argument claims that newly developed small firms should be granted some protection for their survival. The new firms have very little chance of competing with the already established and flourishing old firms in the developed countries that is why they require some sort of protection to enable their survival. The already established industries have more exposure to the world and have greater knowledge of the ways of production, market, labor etc and are able to sell their goods at a lower price in the international market without suffering any kind of loss, in fact for a greater profit. On the other hand, a firm producing the same product in a relatively new setup industry would not have the same production technologies available to it. The employees and the management would lack the experience and knowledge. A head on competition with the old industries, would make them a cripple and they might have to close down. Now narrowing it down to the international scenario, we see that developing countries are the ones that need the protection more. They lack the basic resources required to establish an industry and even if established they have little resources or talent to keep it thriving. Instead they become victim to the developed countries, and can not meet their standard of production, quality, expertise etc. The under developed nations lack human resources and therefore can not develop the natural ones. As the porter model suggests the availability of raw material can not give an industry a competitive edge until and unless we are able to develop and upgrade them. However the third world country lacks the modern technology and knowledge base that the developed countries possess. Therefore no matter how hard they fight, no matter what advertising policies they adopt, it is very difficult for them to come up to the mark and challenge the old firms. Thus the laws of humanity suggest that some so rt of protection must be given to "infant industries" for the purpose of their survival. These protections can be given in many forms. For instance, Quotas. For many years, the textile industry of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh have been given subsidies. Also protection can be given in the form of import tariffs. With this the domestic price of the goods will rise and the imports will decrease from the rest of the world. If the prices are raised within a certain limit then the firm would be able to cover its high production costs and then remain in business. After a span of some years, these firms would acquire more experience and knowledge which in turn would lead to them being able to produce more cheaply. The firms would then do the same things that the developed country firms did and thus would be able to improve even more. So protection in simple words, gives an infant industry time to settle into the fast paced world. Furthermore since the firm's production efficiency would improve, the

Week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 6 - Essay Example The next is Team / Shared leadership. It is important top put others first and value the input of those around you. You must constantly seek their input and let them know that you value their contributions. As Bandura points out, â€Å"...belief in their capabilities to master activities affects their aspirations, their level of interest in activities, and their accomplishments† (1994. p.130). A leader must also be Ethical and Honest, to be as upfront and straight forward as possible while acting in a professional manner. This is one of the most critical areas where one must lead by example. The next characteristic is Visionary Leadership. This often requires a leap out of the leader and perhaps the team’s comfort zone. In order to progress and grow, I this dynamic ever-changing environment, change is a necessity. But change, good or bad, is always difficult to implement This requires someone with vision that can also share that vision with others as well as the passion to complete it. This leads to the final characteristic of Influencer. Being able not only to share facts and communicate directive, but charging the task with emotional content is perhaps the most important aspect of a leader for the future. Gone are the days of work being its own reward, staff today need to feel empowered and part of the process both intellectually and emotionally. As Goldberg states, "Process your learning continually. Be open to amazement" (2001, p. 58). Keeping an open mind and continually learning and developing are both the secrets to not only good teaching and leaderships, but to a great life as well. In the past, a paradigm shift occurred when the industrial revolution created thousands of jobs and new technologies evolved for mass production. Then another shift occurred when the economy moved from produced goods to services and this is the present day situation. So now the future

When does sexual identity begin Research Proposal

When does sexual identity begin - Research Proposal Example As puberty ensues, the human body and mind goes through a developmental quagmire that most adults will admit they barely survived. In adulthood, a human has, hopefully, navigated all of these influences to create their sexual identity. Hormonal influence in the womb can influence the sexual identity of a child. Testosterone levels have been proven to influence girls by the level to which the behave more feminine or masculine in their childhood. A study done by Melissa Hines, Charles Brook and Gerard S. Conway at City University in conjunction with Bristol University, discovered that girls exposed to higher levels of androgens, testosterone in the womb While this information was not relevant to boys in this test, this does indicate that the various hormones levels of a mother can have influence on the development of the child. As these type of studies progress, more information will come to light helping to identify the medical influences that help to create the fully developed adult sexual identity. Of course, the danger in this type of research is the possibility of allowing parents to try and use these influences to medically manipulate a fetus to a more â€Å"desirable† outcome. Sexual identity can be defined by two criteria. The first criteria is the simple (or at least usually simple) association made by physical characteristics. Ones sexual identity is first based on the physical gender characteristics that were evident at birth. A child is born with female genitals and is then immediately socialized as a female. The same is true for a male. This socialization is the first battlefield on which a child will stand. Comments will come from toddlers in American society such as ’ I won’t wear that - it’s pink! Pink is for girls!’ or ’I want a doll for Christmas because I want to be a mommy when I grow up.’. In an article

Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment - Case Study Example The challenges that southwest airlines faces are due to the competition. The mission of Southwest Airlines is â€Å"dedication to the highest quality of customer service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and company spirit†. Unlike other competitors, Southwest Airlines places employees’ satisfaction as one of the priorities for the successful business. The company follows a â€Å"loose-tight design† for the operations and decision making. The company has a tight policy and procedures in place for the cost control mechanism and scheduling. However, a rather informal structure is used to limit the scope of work of each employee. Southwest airlines give harmony to the employees to gain experience by their own creative thoughts and ideas. Employees are not limited to a single procedure in which they can get their job done. They are treated as ‘humans’ rather than machines. The financial analysis of the company reveals that company has performed well for numerous years. The net profit figure of 182.6 million in 1995 has risen up to 207.3 million in 1996. The low-cost model and low-fare are the basis of the success that Southwest Airlines enjoy. The aircraft that southwest Airlines use has 243 coach seats as compared to the American’s airlines having 635 seats. The flight meals are cut down as a part of the low cost model Southwest Airlines follow. The short-haul airline, Southwest, does not provide luxury seats and finds services like meals during the flight as unneeded. It rather emphasizes on lowest possible fares and costs to attract more customers who want to travel for shorter distances like from one city to the other. If we try to find out the major challenges that Southwest confronts, it can be noticed that Southwest Airlines has more power over the suppliers when it comes to quench its need of services and products that suppliers bring. Similarly the customers are less

Human resource management Essay Example for Free

Human resource management Essay The hr map can be found on the cipd website. It consists of 10 professional areas, 8 behaviourOur HR Profession Map sets out what HR practitioners need to know, do and deliver at all stages in their career, be they specialists or generalists, working in the UK or internationally. It sets the benchmark for HR excellence both for the individual and the HR function.The Map is firmly rooted in the real world having been created with HR practitioners drawn from every size of organisation and across every sector. Structured around the ten professional areas of HR activity it focuses on the knowledge, activities and behaviours required in the profession today and in the future.It provides you with the means to drive your own career and professional goals and underpins all we provide from our qualifications and membership through to our in-house training provision. core area and they are across 4 bandsHolliday Grainger The two core areas are applicable to everyone no mztter what stage you at with your own hr career. What is the Profession Map and what is its purpose? The CIPD Profession Map sets out comprehensively how HR adds the greatest sustained value to the organisation it operates in, now and in the future. It describes the highest standards of professional competence for the organisation.It captures what successful and effective HR people do and deliver across every aspect and specialism of the profession, and sets out the required underpinning skills, behaviour and knowledge. The Map is used to develop products and services that not only support the profession as a whole but also support and accelerate the professional development of individuals, for example, My HR Map, which is an online self-assessment tool that provides practical recommendations and solutions to help achieve professional goals and support career development.Back to top 2. Is the Profession Map available to members and non-members? Yes. The Profession Map is available in full to both members and non-members.Back to top 3. How have you developed the Profession Map? The Map was developed following an extensive review of the global HR Profession and an in-depth investigation involving detailed interviews with HR directors across all main economic sectors and scores of senior professionals and academics.We investigated the impact of the HR function on the sustainability of business success and as a result the Map represents the needs of the profession today and will evolve over time to respond to further changes and demands in the business and the profession. Based on research and collaboration with organisations around the world, and continuously reviewed and updated with our research, essentially CIPD’s Profession Map shares what the most successful HR professionals know and do at every stage of their career, which is proving to be a powerful tool. A wide range of organisations and HR professionals are now using the CIPD’s HR Profession Map to benchmark and build their HR capability at individual, team and organisation levels.Back to top 4. What are the key components that make up the Profession Map? There are three main sections to the Map:Professional areas There are 10 professional areas within the Map. The two core professional areas Insights, Strategy and Solutions and Leading HR sit at the heart of the profession and are applicable to all HR professionals regardless of role, location or stage of career, whether inside organisations or working with them. For each particular area the Map describes what you need to do (the activities) and what you need to know at four bands of professional competence, as well as outlining the predominant behaviours that you need to exhibit when carrying out the activities. Find out more about the Professional AreasBehaviours Within this section the Map describes the behaviours needed to carry out activities in more detail. Each behaviour is also divided into four bands of professional competence (spanning from entry level to leadership roles). Each behaviour also lists a number of contra indicators which illustrate negative behaviour.Find out more about the BehavioursBands and transitions There are four bands of professional competence to reflect the hierarchy of the profession within the Map. The Map also identifies and describes how you need to change and develop to move from one band to another.Find out more about the BandsBack to top 5. What is a contra indicator? Contra indicators are listed in each of the Behaviours. They illustrate negative behaviour.Back to top 6. Who is the Profession Map for? The Map has been developed with both individuals and organisations in mind. It’s a vital resource for anyone working in or connected with the HR profession.From Band 1 at the start of an HR career through to Band 4 for the most senior leaders, it has been designed to be relevant and applicable to all professionals working across the HR spectrum; so, whether you are a generalist or a specialist (in learning and development, talent, reward, employee relations and engagement, resourcing or OD), wherever you are operating in the world, whatever sector and/or size of your organisation, the Profession Map is for you.Find out how you can use the Map The bands go from1 to 4, 1 being the start of your hr carerr and 4 being the , leader kf the hrfunction involved in long term planning and creation of strategies. The behaviours display each behViour expected from a hr professional. The map is also broken down

The Challenges Faced By Environmental Management Systems Business Essay

The Challenges Faced By Environmental Management Systems Business Essay This research is about the Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) and does the packaging companies adopted (ISO 14001) because as we know packaging industry is one of the industry that generate massive amount of waste. Thus this waste must be managed carefully to reduce the impact to the environment. Further investigation will be carry out into the role that the packaging companies played towards the current environmental issues. Basically an Environmental Management System is a management system that can helps an organization to manage its environmental impacts and also a way which can minimize such impacts effectively in the long run. The packaging industry is an industry that responsible to enclosing or protecting certain products for distribution, longer duration of storage and also for marketing purposes to attract consumers. The environmental issue has been always the world agenda since early of 1992 when a group of international organisations for examples the United Nations Conference in Environmental and Development, World Health Organization and also the Non- Governmental Organization setting standards to maintain sustainable environment. The term sustainable environment was used by the well known Brundtland Commission which is now widely been quoted as development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) is one of the standards in the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) family tree and the British Standard BS 7750 was the first standard to be created at that time. According to Krut and Gleckman (1998): This international association of national standard- setting bodies was set up to facilitate international commerce by standardizing technical specifications. It works closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In many areas, from ATM cards to telecommunication bandwidths to plumping supplies, business and the public experience significant advantages from ISO and IEC activity. (Kurt and Gleckman, 1998, pp.2). Although the issues of environmental being a great debate from different group of people especially the environmentalist but there is still lack of awareness among the public itself. This is also due to the lack of commitment from the local government to convey this important message to the public. This topic was chosen because the researcher took the subject of Environmental Issues in Business before and found that in order to sustain in a business first we have to understand well about what is the Sustainable Environment and how does it affect a business in the long run. Research Aims Objectives The aim of this research is to examine the Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) practices in packaging companies located in North East of England. This followed by 3 objectives to fit with the aim above and there are: to identify the reasons of the adoption of the Environmental Management System, to identify the problems companies faced when getting certified to ISO 14001, and lastly to examine the companys performance before and after adopting the Environmental Management System. Literature Review In this section will discuss about the previous research has been done to this topic and also demonstrate to the reader how well does the researcher knows about this particular topic of Environmental Management System (ISO 14001). Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2007, p.57) commented that reviewing the literature critically will provide the foundation on which your research is built and also the main purpose is to help the researcher to develop a good understanding and insight into relevant previous research and the trend that have emerged. There are plenty of books, journals and articles discussing about the environmental issues, how does the industrial sector can minimize their waste by adopting the Environmental Management System and also why businesses needs to play an important role towards the sustainability of the environment. No doubt all human being living in this world today does created much of their own waste (motor cars and the consumptions of CFCs in air conditioners or refrigerators) to the environment itself but the waste and pollutions created from the industrial sector are much more severe. According to Whitelaw (1997): If we look back to the to the Industrial Revolution, we might see this as the period when the inventiveness and innovation of human beings, and the resultant mechanization of manufacturing processes began to have negative impacts upon the environment. Prior to this period, any negative environmental impacts tended to be localized for example, forest were cut down without any future regard. (Whitelaw, 1997, pp. 2). Another author does agree with the same argument above and stated that: Businesses are the core of the environmental debate and are central both to the pollution problem and to the solutionthe activities of industry provide employment, and investments drive economic growth. However, in doing so, be it because of the resources that they consumer, the processes they apply or the products that they manufacture, business activities are a major contributor to environmental destruction. (Welford, 1994, pp. 3). One of the solutions for businesses to minimize their wastage is to implement the Environmental Management System (EMS) and getting certification of ISO 14001. Jorgensen (2000) defined the EMS: An EMS is part of the enterprises overall management system. It includes the organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for implementing and maintaining environmental management. It includes those aspects of management that plan, develop, implement, achieve, review, maintain and improve the enterprises environmental policy, objectives and targets. (Jorgensen, 2000, pp.75). Implementing the EMS does not only helps businesses to reduce their wastage but also will improve the environmental performance and this can lead to a better corporate image of the businesses itself. According to Jorgensen (2000): EMS offers a structured and systematic method to incorporate environmental care in all aspects of business. The aim is not only to comply with environmental regulations and minimize the (financial) risks of liabilities and costs but to improve the environmental performance continuously and through this improve corporate image and gain competitive advantage. (Jorgensen, 2000, pp. 75). There are many large organizations for example BT Group in UK which takes the environmental management very seriously into their business. According to BT Group: In 1990 the BT Board made a commitment to optimise environmental management across the company. Since then, we have made real strides towards our goal of world class environmental management. Climate change is higher than ever on the agenda for government and business. BTs response to this is a new plan which takes some ambitious steps to cut our emissions of carbon dioxide. Having already reduced our carbon footprint by 58% in the UK, we have now set a target to achieve an 80% reduction in our carbon intensity worldwide by 2020. BT consumes 0.7% of the UKs entire electricity, so we think we can make an important difference. We have pledged to reduce the amount of carbon we emit as a business and help others to do the same. We are encouraging our suppliers, customers and employees to take action. We also believe that communications technology can be harnessed to help address climate change. (http://www.btplc.com/Societyandenvironment/Environmentandclimatechange/Environmentandclimatec hange.htm, no date). Further discussion of the objectives and more detailed literature review will be covered in the later part of this research project. Methodology Research Approach Strategy The research approach that will be use to apply in this topic is the Inductive Approach. Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2007, p. 118) commented that the purpose (Inductive Approach) here would be to get a feel of what was going on, so as to understand better the nature of the problem. This approach is best to be combining with the qualitative data and is being suggested to use different kind of methods to collect the data in order to get different point of view. (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007, p.119). Since the environmental issues can be categorized under the real life context, the Case Study Strategy is more suitable to use in this research as the case study strategy is based on a real life context investigation. Types of information required Information that is required for this research is to find out how the environmental issues affect the business sector especially the packaging companies in the north east of England (regulations that needs to be follow, government, investor and also the public pressure), did the business owners take any initiative to protect the environment, some useful data from the Environment Agency in UK, why those companies choose to adopt the EMS or get certified for ISO 14001 (corporate image, attract more investors and consumers, able to help the companies in certain way or just for the seek for adopting it) and lastly to compare the performance before and after adopting the EMS and also to create awareness to the companies that the importance of sustainable environment/business. Data collection The main data collection for this research project will be from conducting an interview with around 8 packaging companies that are located in the North East of England. The length of each interview will be approximately 15-25 minutes. Voice recording, video recording and notes taking will be acquire to form a transcript at the later part for this research. Semi- structured interviews is the type of interview to be use in this research as questions from interview can be omit or vary according to the background of the company and also the background of the interviewee. Secondary Data The secondary data collection is also one of the ways to collect data for the research project. Secondary data consists of 3 types and there are Documentary Secondary Data, Multiple Source- Secondary Data and the Survey Secondary Data. In order to meet the objectives in this research project, reports and database from the potential companies are very valuable and in addition the journals, articles, newspaper and also books publication could also be sources for this research. Documentary Secondary Data and the Multiple Source- Secondary Data will be used in the research. Methods/Strategy linked to project objectives

Submarines in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars Essay -- American Ameri

Submarines in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars The Trident Submarine houses twenty-four nuclear warheads with each having a range of 4,600 miles over land. If a nuclear war were to break out between the Soviet Union and the United States, virtually every major city could be destroyed in a matter of hours. The origin of these major players in modern day warfare lies in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. A Dutchman named Cornelus Van Drebbel, made the very first submarine in 1652, to fight the mighty Spanish ship called the Rotterdam Boat. It carried about twelve oarsmen and even had an air circulator. It never saw any action. In the American Revolutionary War, a manned underwater craft named the American Turtle (or the "water-machine") was used against the British Navy. David Brushnell designed this ingenious machine in 1771. The submarine was a one manned, egg-shaped vessel which was propelled by hand-operated screw-like devices. It was bottom-heavy in order for it to remain upright. The operator would plant a submersible mine that could be triggered by a simple clockwork mechanism. He could paddle away after he attached the magazine of gunpowder onto the enemy ship. The operator could stay under for about thirty minutes The American Turtle was ready for her initial mission on September 6, 1776, just after midnight in the New York Harbor. The operator, Ezra Lee, failed in his attempt to sink the HMS Eagle because he failed to secure the screw of the gunpowder magazine to the ship. The Turtle made two more attempts to sink enemy ships but they both failed. The end of the American Turtle is unknown. Some think she was accidentally sunk, dismantled, or destroyed. The Turtle was the very first submarine to be used in the... ...come of the Revolutionary War. The submarines in the Civil War were very unimportant as well. Only one ship, the Housatonic, was sunk by the hands of a submarine in the entire war. The Southern navy did not even put much stock into submarine warfare because they only built a couple during the entire war. So overall, submarines were of no significance during either the Revolutionary War or the Civil War. But, these early developments of the submarine were extremely important because they lead to the later more advanced submarines that were used in future wars in which they did play a major role in. For example, in World War II, German U-boats terrorized the sea and played an important role in World War II. These, and others like the modern day Tridents, would not of exist if it were not for the early developments of submarines during the Civil and Revolutionary Wars.

Responsibilities of the Human Resources Department :: Human Resources Essays

It is the responsibility of the human resources department to ensure that the organisation recruits the correct staff and that the staffs are trained to ensure that the business meets its aims and annual targets. Our function is absolutely central to the success of the business. Sometimes in human resources there has to be disciplinary for staff and termination of contracts. What is important is that all staff members are treated fairly and in line with company policy. The Human Resources Department are responsible for four main functions: Ø Human Resources Planning Ø Recruitment and Selection Ø Training and Development Ø Performance Management. (Needham and Dransfield, 2000) Human resources planning- is a critical part of any manager's job. To guarantee a fully staffed business of productive employees, managers must take the time to plan how their organisation should be structured, establish the grade level and types of employees needed to meet the organisation's aims, regard the employees' developmental requirements, and take into account probable changes due to workload shifts. (www.web.lmi.org/acqbook/planning/, 2003) To avoid staff losses a plan should be presented in advance for long-term absences due to training or medical needs and the time needed to fill important positions. Although it is difficult to anticipate specific losses, overall patterns can be recognized. The manager should consider typical patterns of separation, such as retirements and turnover, in their workforce planning. (www.web.lmi.org/acqbook/planning/, 2003) Effective workforce planning will help predict the human resource needs of the organisation, including long and short-term skills recruitment needs, training and development needs, restructuring, outsourcing, and diversity opportunities. (www.web.lmi.org/acqbook/planning/, 2003) Recruitment and Selection- is the ongoing process of marketing, locating, and attracting high-quality candidates to meet current and anticipated employment needs. Recruiting is everyone's responsibility, including employees, managers, supervisors, and personnel specialists. A formal recruitment program requires the full support of both personnel and functional managers. Regardless of the type of position to be filled, every recruitment

Movie: Disaster At Hillsborough :: essays research papers

Movie: Disaster at Hillsborough Summary The movie "Disaster at Hillsborough" showed the complexity of a stampede. From the build-up of people outside the gate, to the disaster that ended in the death of 95 people. The film started out outside the stadium where 95 people died at a soccer game. The stadium was not equipped for the masses of people to show up all at the same place at the same time. According to the officer interviewed there was no plan in case of an emergency and no problems anticipated. The atmosphere outside the gates was pleasant and people were looking forward to a good game. The stampede started when the people in the rear realized that the game was to start before they were going to get in. The stampede could possibly been averted if the kickoff were delayed but the man "in charge" refused to delay. Just as at the "Who" concert the people in the rear of the line were in an acquisitive panic to get into the stadium. This pressure was recognized by the police in the front of the line and due to poor communication nothing could be done to stop it. A large gate "gate C" was finally opened to let off the pressure in front. This is when the true disaster occurred. People funneled straight onto the already full pens and created the stampede which killed the 95 people. People in the rear were in an acquisitive panic and the people in the front who were getting crushed were in a fearful panic. The emergency gates would open but the police, not realizing the situation, kept people in and closed the gates. Critique This example could not be anymore perfect to show a stampede and panic. All four components were met. (1) Partial entrapment; the reality is complete entrapment. As at the Who concert the only avenue of escape was blocked by the police. (2) Perceived threat; this comes from both ends of the panic. The people at the rear were threatened by the fact that they would miss the kickoff of the game or even not be able to get into the game. The people at the front were facing the threat of being crushed. (3) The partial breakdown of escape routs is obvious from the front. The gates to get out were blocked by the police and there was a high fence blocking everyone on all sides except the tunnel which was blocked by people trying to get into the pens. (4) Front to rear communications breakdown occurred when the people at the fence realized the

Traning and Placement Project Report on Asp.Net

CHAPTER 1 1. ABSTRACT The Campus Recruitment database project has been specially designed to handle the recruitment needs before the start of recruitment. This project can be considered as a digital diary with many other features embedded in it. This project is used to keep records of candidate, companies and colleges and provide other useful information. The main emphasis is given about the candidate record. In this project we store the all information undergoing at the time of campus recruitment program . There is mainly three users are company, collage and candidate. ompany comes in the collage for recruitment and the collage organize the campus recruitment program for the candidate . The company contact to the TPO of the collage for the recruitment and collage give the notice in the. Newspaper for the recruitment program for the candidate knowledge. This is also used by the company see the previous performance of the candidate. There are a lot of companies, which are taking recru itment for candidate . They chooses the candidate on the basis of the different skill. The company can recruit the candidate for the different jobs.It is hoped that with all the characteristics the project will be found useful to the all recruitment companies as well as candidate and college. CHAPTER 2 2. INTRODUCTION 2. 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT We are making this project to overcome the problem of tpo and company and candidate in the campus selection process we are providing the three user in this project first tpo login who can maintanethe whole record of college and student. Second login of company login and third login is student login. This will beneficial for Take complete record of the college about its name and address of it.Maintaining record of the contact person for a particular college. Maintaining records about all the company which is comes for taking recruitment and the vacancy for the particular jobs. Maintaining records about candidate who are sitting in any campus. What is their performance on any previous campus. Maintaining records of vacant position of different companies and the particular skill record required for that position. Maintaining record about the date in which issue recruitment occur and also about the newspaper in which notice is issued. 2. 2 AIMThe Campus Recruitment database project has been specially designed to handle the recruitment needs before the start of recruitment. This project can be considered as a digital diary with many other features embedded in it. This project is used to keep records of candidate, companies and colleges and provide other useful information. Take complete record of the college about its name and address of it. Maintaining record of the contact person for a particular college. Maintaining records about all the company which is comes for taking recruitment and the vacancy for the particular jobs.Maintaining records about candidate who are sitting in any campus. What is their performance on any previ ous campus. Maintaining records of vacant position of different companies and the particular skill record required for that position. Maintaining record about the date in which issue recruitment occurs and also about the newspaper in which notice is issued. 2. 3 STUDY OF CURRENT SYSTEM The Campus Recruitment database project has been specially designed to handle the recruitment needs before the start of recruitment. This project can be considered as a digital diary with many other features embedded in it.This project is used to keep records of candidate, companies and colleges and provide other useful information. In this project we are maintaining the all record of the student to make the easier in the selection process and providing the all information of the college and student. to make the easier the selection process in company we are making this project. CHAPTER 3 3. FEASIBILITY STUDY Feasibility reports describe one or more design solutions to a specific problem and determine if the proposed solution is practical and feasible.Preferably, more than one solution is offered, in which case the report compares the various designs and determines which option is best. Design and feasibility reports are essentially the same type of document, differing only in the amount of emphasis placed on practical and economic viability of the design in comparison with other possible solutions. A design report, often very similar to an internal proposal, focuses on describing one specific implementation. A feasibility study, on the other hand, also emphasizes the investigation and comparison of alternative solutions.Design reports and feasibility reports are crucial for decision making and product development in almost any technical organization. They document an engineer's thinking through a solution to a problem, a description of the solution, and the reasons why that solution should be implemented. Managers need accurate and comprehensive feasibility and design reports t o decide where to commit scarce resources. In addition, an accurate and comprehensive design report helps in developing other documents, such as formal proposals, specifications, and work plans. 3. 1 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITYIn this project we are providing the help to the company for selection process and tpo to maintain the all record which are record the company for selection and all the material of company written papers and hr round question and technical question which will help to the student to prepare for the selection. it think this project will be helpful for company ,tpo and student. 3. 2 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY For the design and development of the system, several software products have been accommodated.  · Database design –sql server, Interface design – . NET Framework. , Coding – C# or any other supported Language.This software’s have the  enough efficiency in  producing  the system. Therefore the project is technically feasible. 3. 3 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY This softaware will be good in economically because it reduse the company effort to know about the college andabout the student for the selection process. inthis software this software available company peppers will help to the student for the selection and save money the attend any coaching for the company preparation andthis will be also help to the tpo to maintain the record of the student instead of the hard copy. is software ecinomacally is good it take not more spacein the ram and hard disk and maintenances’ also easy. CHAPTER 4 4. ANALYSIS & MODELING The first step in developing anything is to state the requirements. This applies just as much to leading edge research as to simple programs and to personal programs, as well as to large team efforts. Being vague about your objective only postpones decisions to a later stage where changes are much more costly. The problem statement should state what is to be done and not how it is to be done. It shou ld be a statement of needs, not a proposal for a solution.A user manual for the desired system is a good problem statement. The requestor should indicate which features are mandatory and which are optional, to avoid overly constraining design decisions. The requestor should avoid describing system internals, as this restricts implementation flexibility. Performance specifications and protocols for interaction with external systems are legitimate requirements. Software engineering standards, such as modular construction, design for testability, and provision for future extensions, are also proper.Many problems statements, from individuals, companies, and government agencies, mixture requirements with design decisions. There may sometimes be a compelling reason to require a particular computer or language; there is rarely justification to specify the use of a particular algorithm. The analyst must separate the true requirements from design and implementation decisions disguised as req uirements. The analyst should challenge such pseudo requirements, as they restrict flexibility.There may be politics or organizational reasons for the requirements, but at least the analyst should recognize that these externally imposed design decisions are not essential features of the problem domain. A problem statement may have more or less detail. A requirement for a conventional product, such as a payroll program or a billing system, may have considerable detail. A requirement for a research effort in a new area may lack many details, but presumably the research has some objective, which should be clearly stated. Most problem statements are ambiguous, incomplete, or even inconsistent.Some requirements are just plain wrong. Some requirements, although precisely stated, have unpleasant consequences on the system behaviour or impose unreasonable implementation costs. Some requirements seem reasonable at first but do not work out as well as the request or thought. The problem state ment is just a starting point for understanding the problem, not an immutable document. The purpose of the subsequent analysis is to fully understand the problem and its implications. There is no reasons to expect that a problem statement prepared without a fully analysis will be correct. 4. 1 DOMAIN ANALYSISThis software is dependent on manual updation regularly without updating its nothing means in this software required to update student information by the tpo and college information. Companies exam pattern and papper. need to work in company login. 4. 2 APPLICATION ANALYSIS This software is very usefull for the tpo. tpo can manage the student record for the campus recruitment by the use of this software tpo can manage the all record of the student and keep the all information of the college for the company need. it is also very good software for the company by the use of this softaware company can update recruitment in the software.CHAPTER 5 5. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM CHAPTER 6 6. SYS TEM ENVIRONMENT The system environment specifies the technical specification of requirements for the developing software. The goal of this, it completely and consistently specifies the requirements for the software products in a concise and unambiguous manner 6. 1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS RAM: 512 MB (Recommended) Processor: Pentium III 450 MHz Hard Disk Space: 3. 5 GB (Includes 500 MB free space on disk) 6. 2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Operating System: Windows 2000 or Windows XP. Sql server. .net frame work CHAPTER 7 7. ADVANTAGES Take complete record of the college about its name and address of it. †¢ Maintaining record of the contact person for a particular college. †¢ Maintaining records about all the company which is comes for taking recruitment and the vacancy for the particular jobs. †¢ Maintaining records about candidate who are sitting in any campus. What is their performance on any previous campus? †¢ Maintaining records of vacant position of different compani es and the particular skill record required for that position. †¢ Maintaining record about the date in which issue a recruitment occur nd also about the newspaper in which notice is issued. 7. DISADVANTAGES †¢ Minimum 512 mb ram required for this project. †¢ Minimum 3. 5 gb hard disk required for this project. †¢ It cannot run below p4 processor. †¢ Maintenance required for this software. CHAPTER 8 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ Asp. net unleashed: stephen walther †¢ Sql server 2000: mike gunderloy †¢ Sams teach yourself c#. net in 21 days †¢ Programming asp. net: jesse liberty †¢ Beginning c#. net: richard blair ———————– Tpo Con-tact COLLEGE Company Recruit STORE DATAbase ISSUE ISSUE Skills Newspaper JOBS Candidate NOTICE