blacks in civil war Essay - 1355 Words

Slavery was abolished in this country over a hundred years ago but the consequences of this dark page in Americas history are felt even today. This site was created to address those consequences, the political, social and cultural life of todays and yesterdays African Americans. What affect did the Civil War have on African Americans in the United States? Were they, as some argued, better off before the Civil War, or do the advances that blacks have made since then proved that the Civil War was indeed the turning point in the lives and opportunities of African Americans? These questions and more will be addressed in the following pagesWhen slaves were purchased off the ships from Africa, they ended up on plantations. The size and†¦show more content†¦Most slave owners agreed that ideally slave unions should be among the slaves on the same plantation and that marriage should be a way of breeding and promoting morality. The master would most often officiate at the wedding. The y were then sent off to their quarters for a couple hours alone together. It was not unusual, and indeed expected, for slave women to have a child every year. Indeed it was not unheard of for slave women to have 25 children in the span of their lives, usually beginning to give birth at 12 or 13 years of age. These children rarely lived with their parents past the age of eight or nine. At this time they were either sold to another plantation or moved into the womens or mens quarters. Some states had laws forbidding taking children nine or under from their mothers, but this law was often ignored and rarely enforced. All in all, the lack of recognized marriage ties and the constant separation of families through sale, made the slave family a temporary and fly-by-night affair, destined for broken hearts and the auction block. Scholars generally agree that although slaves were considered something less than human, they were valuable property and thus often lived better than free families. The average slave quarters housed 5.3 persons and consisted of dirt floors, boarded windows, and were usually made of logs. Adult males clothing consisted of four shirts,Show MoreRelatedBlack Soldiers in the Civil War964 Words   |  4 PagesEqual Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War Historical Background Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letter, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship. Ââ€"Frederick Douglass The issues of emancipation and military service were intertwined from the onset of the Civil War. News from Fort Sumter set off a rush by free black men to enlistRead MoreBlack Men And The Civil War927 Words   |  4 Pagesbadly and have absolutely no say in the government, they aren’t even considered a citizen, Even freed â€Å"Black men† have very little rights, another fine example why things in history makes no sense is that women were treated as second class citizen but then during Jefferson’s time women were one of the most important roles in the white house. Abraham freed slaves also makes no sense during the civil war period he said that slaves under his control were freed but the north didn’t support slaves and theRead MoreThe Black Codes And The Civil War1461 Words   |  6 PagesWith the Union victory in the Civil War in 1865, millions of slaves were given their freedom. Although these millions of slaves are now free, the rebuilding on the Sou th during the Reconstruction introduced many obstacles. These obstacles include sharecropping, tenant farming, the â€Å"black codes†, and not to forget the lack of education and rights African Americans had at the time. Sharecropping is consisted of a slave renting land from a white man and having to give up a portion of their crops atRead MoreBlack Americans And The Civil War Essay961 Words   |  4 Pages In Post-Reconstruction time, Black Americans were left reeling from the aftermath of the Civil War, and Reconstruction inadequate attempt to right the wrongs of history. They also faced the horror and humiliation of Jim Crow, the terror of the Ku Klux Klan and other like-minded organizations, and the weight of oppressive legislation. These challenges resided in the consciousness of Black Americans at the turn of the 19th century, and carried on into the 20th century. The 20th century is referredRead MoreThe Black Codes And The Civil War1705 Words   |  7 Pagesword was at the tip of almost everyone’s tongue, only it came with many names. After the civil war, slavery became more pronounced for the black people. The south then thought something ought to be done and passed laws called the black codes which begun the limitation of blacks’ rights and separated them from the whites; white supremacy began. Before, these laws would have been unnecessary because most of the black people were slaves and they were already segregated in public places like schools andRead MoreCivil War And The Black Suffrage1761 Words   |  8 Pages Post-Civil War, Northern women became increasingly active in the Black-suffrage movements in the North. They strategized that by enforcing the right of suffrage for African-Americans they would automatically receive the right to vote. Their calculations were based off of the hierarchal rules implied by the Jim Crow South. During the Jim Crow Era, segregationists feared that reconstruction would mess with the inherent order of their society by making Black men equal to White men and beneath themRead MoreBlack Americans During The Civil War1732 Words   |  7 Pages Between the years 1900 and 1919, Black Americans were able to see very few but significant changes in terms of the social, political and economic condition. In December 1865, eight months after the Civil War ended, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution was adopted: slavery was abolished. However, in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the majority of white Americans continued to strongly believe in ‘racist theories of black biological inferiority’ and therefore were able to justifyRead More Positions of Blacks in the Civil War and Emancipation Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pockets, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship in the United States. The quote mentioned above was proclaimed by African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass, and served as motivation for African Americans to enlist in the Union’s Army efforts and take an initiative in their future. WithRead More Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War Essay544 Words   |  3 PagesFreed Blacks rights after the Civil War During the year of 1865, after the North’s victory in the Civil War, the Republican Party began to pass national legislation in order to secure free blacks’ rights. Through the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the constitution, the republicans tried to protect and establish black freedoms. At the same time southern state legislators were passing laws to restrict free blacks’ freedoms. Through the use of black codes and vagrancy laws, the south attemptedRead MoreBlack And White Lives : Reshaping And Reordering After The Civil War Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesBlack and white lives required reshaping and reordering after the Civil War. The problems caused by the Civil War left white and black people in a social void where political and social identities would need to be redefined. The Federal Government was not capable of defining or implementing policies that would aide in the resocialization of elite whites, poor whites, and freed blacks. The Civil War caused shock, trauma and uncertainty. Ex-slaves had to define who they were in relationship to each

Why Accounting Is The Most Important Business Resources

Accounting is one of the most important business resources. It helps to organise, gather and manage numerical data of a business. Most businesses are interested in making a profit, therefore, it is vital for a business to control its costs by setting budgets so that this helps to ensure there is a sufficient of cash flow within the business. The role of accounting does not necessary be dealing with money, it could help and produce statistical data to assist decisions making of a business. I have found Accounting interesting because my father is a successful businessman running business currently in China, Hong Kong, ASEAN, and Turkey. Also, in Taiwan and Korea in the past for a public listed company. He works with offices in many countries at a senior level position (Senior Director of Sales and General Manager) and he used to share his working, management experience as well as point of views in financial planning and accounting issues for a listed company with me on running a successful business worldwide. Therefore, this has aroused my interest much to engage in the career segment of Accounting field because of my parent’s career. Currently, I am studying an International Foundation Programme at the University of Reading. I have undertaken four modules- Academic Skills, Introduction to Business and Management, Mathematics for Finance, Business and Economics and Information Systems and Statistics. Through this foundation programme, it enables me to gain relevant skillsShow MoreRelatedAccounting : Financial And Management Accounting1025 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting is one of the three careers that is being discussed that a business majors are able to embrace in. 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The current initial purpose of managerial accounting is comparable to its purpose throughout history. Managerial accounting has historically been useful in assisting managers with the information they need to make important decisions aboutRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management and Sales Force Automation1735 Words   |  7 Pages1. How is e-business â€Å"redefining old business models, with the aid of technology, to maximize cus tomer value? e-business is more than just buying and selling of products and services through the means of digital media. Whereas e-commerce concentrates on buying and selling, e-business encompasses e-commerce and a whole lot more. For example, e-business includes both front – and back-office applications that form the engine for modern business. e-business is redefining old business models throughRead MoreHomework chapter 1 Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pages1 1. How does managerial accounting differ from financial accounting? 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The framework is comprised of three parts, which are: social (People), environmental (Planet)Read MoreHSM 340 Week 2 Quiz689 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿1. Question : (TCO 2) A statement that reports inflows and outflows of cash during the accounting period in the categories of operations, investing, and financing, is called a(an):    Student Answer:   Income statement      Statement of retained earnings      Balance sheet      Statement of cash flows      Report of management    Instructor Explanation: Chapter 9    Points Received: 0 of 5    Comments: Question  2. Question : (TCO 2) Two major methods of asset valuation are:    Student Answer:Read Morewhy managerial accounting is important Essay840 Words   |  4 Pageschapter explains why managerial accounting is important to the future careers of all business students. It answers three questions: (1) What is managerial accounting? (2) Why does managerial accounting matter to your career? and (3) What skills do managers need to succeed? 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Nude In Western Paintings Essay Example For Students

Nude In Western Paintings Essay The depiction of the nude female model by a male artist in oil painting has played a significant role in the western tradition over the last 500 years. The oil painting of the female nude is subject to the artists interpretation of her form. She is affected by the artists desire for his model, as well as his art and she is torn between the artists inability to be both lover and painter. Hubert Damischs The Underneaths of Painting helps the reader understand the importance of the male painters imaging of the female form. By analyzing Balzacs Unknown Masterpiece, Damisch uncovers several tangents to the unique relationship between artists and the women they create on canvas. Balzac tells a tale of the truth behind the creative process of an artist and the way he perceives his vision when finally completed in oil. Poussin is a young painter who doesnt quite understand how the concepts of desire and love will affect the perception of his model, and lover, Gilette. He soon embarks on a journey that takes him underneath the paint: Under the paint and as its truth, instead and in the place of the so-called picture, the exchange assuming its last true face: a woman for a picture and a woman for what forms or ought to its subject. It is at this point in the picture where the subterranean, archaeological presence of the woman reveals itself, that something is given to see, something that can be spoken, that can be named, something moreover alive, delectable, a foothold for desire; in a word, something that looks at us unlike the inexpressible wall of paint that holds it captive, Damisch 202. There are many layers of paint put on to one canvas, but the image isnt visible right away, she must grow through the brushstrokes. When the last brush of paint touches the canvas, her beauty is revealed to the eye. The artist has created his masterpiece and she can be discussed like a real woman now; she has a name, she has the personality the artist has given her which makes her come alive, she is so real that observers feel the need to touch her and she looks right back. The paint from which she came is an afterthought and because Poussin is hungry for a piece that can accomplish all this, he chooses his work over his love. Damisch utilizes Balzacs tale to define the position of the artists heart. It is inevitable that every painter that is dedicated to his work cannot be capable of loving anything so much as the act of expressing ones self through paint. He falls in love with his creation and there can be no room for a tangible love. Here is Damisch: ne has to choose between being a lover and a painter. Poussin will be assailed by doubt at the thought that another person could look at Gilette, and look at her as only he was allowed to see her:naked. But this doubt will soon vanish: the young man will forget his mistress, he will desire only to be a painter, he will see his art and nothing else, Damisch 200. Poussin has not fully recognized the intensity of the connection that an artist has with his work and doesnt realize that Gilette is whats holding him back. Since he shares his love with her and his work, Poussin cannot capture true realism in the females he depicts. Although he loves her at this point and couldnt possibly think of letting anyone see Gilette, Poussin will discover that to let her pose for other artists isnt as shattering a suggestion when he creates the nude that will lend his heart solely to the act of expression. The artist will then transfer his feelings of obsession for Gilette to his work and he will be able to love no other with the same intensity that he enjoys his work. .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 , .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 .postImageUrl , .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 , .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73:hover , .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73:visited , .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73:active { border:0!important; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73:active , .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73 .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1adfa523e264e3c25335558ce306fb73:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prehistoric Art~Cave Paintings EssayDamisch questions the role of desire in the conversion of the female model into the artists Venus. He asks: What of the working of desire in its relation to the desire of the other? and then goes on to report that: we are amongst painters who only have eyes for painting. As far as Gilette is concerned she has no part in their commerce: she doesnt look at the painting, but sees only the painters Poussin, while drawing her, was no doubt looking at her, but was not thinking about her She does not say: without desiring her. For it was his desire that she should model for him, yet a desire which did not necessarily pass without explanation, at least for the one who was, as it were its passing object. Gilette might have added when it begs for a look: You never look at me from the place which I see you. it is only in painting that such a request had meaning, and one may at one and the same time find a woman beautiful and desire her, at the place from where she is looking at us, on the canvas, Damisch 200. The artist has desired to attain a beautiful, inspirational model to develop his masterpiece- he doesnt desire the physical form of his muse. Gilette may argue that Poussin doesnt want her for the same reasons that she wants him, but she does not understand that this complaint can only be made by the female nude on the canvas: the test of true desire on the artists part is if he can look into his painting and he feels the need to caress the canvas- then he has perfected his image. Poussin mistakes the desire he has for Gilette to model for him for an emotional desire and when she does she can see he isnt looking on her with a lustful gaze- his eye is clinical in nature. To comprehend the importance of the relationship among artists and their oil paintings of the female nude, one must understand the significance of each one of these factors. For centuries artists have tried to master the conception of the artist and his work, but this task seems fleeting: How can one artist represent the situation of every painter? Because this feat is impossible, we arrive at a variety of works that all try to express the same topic, but end up drastically different. What is true to all of the representations of the female nude by the male painter is that she is always subject to the desire and love of her creator.

Osmosis Coursework Essay Sample free essay sample

Osmosis is defined as the net motion of H2O or any other solutions molecules from a part in which they are extremely concentrated to a part in which they are less concentrated. This motion must take topographic point across a partly permeable membrane such as a cell wall. which lets smaller molecules such as H2O through but does non let bigger molecules to go through through. The molecules will go on to spread until the country in which the molecules are found reaches a province of equilibrium. significance that the molecules are indiscriminately distributed throughout an object. with all countries holding an equal concentration. For this peculiar probe I think that the lower the concentration of the salt solution in the trial tubing. the larger the addition in mass of the murphy bit will be. This is because the H2O molecules pass from a high concentration. Therefore. I believe that the french friess that are in the tubings incorporating a higher concentration of H2O than salt will h old a larger mass than french friess in tubings with higher salt concentrations. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Coursework Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As shown bellow osmosis Osmosis in PlantsPlants depend on osmosis to travel H2O from their roots to their foliages. Osmosis is besides important in workss as it protects leaves against losing H2O through vaporization. In osmosis in workss there are specialised cells called Guard cells which are all along the surface of the foliages. Each brace of guard cells surrounds a pore or pore. commanding its ability to open to let go of H2O. Factors set uping rate of osmosisOsmotic pressureOsmotic force per unit area is the force per unit area caused by the difference of solute concentration between solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane. As osmosis takes topographic point force per unit area builds up on the side of the membrane where the dissolver concentration has increased. This force per unit area prevents more H2O from come ining the membrane and osmosis Michigans. PermeabilityPermeability affects the rate of osmosis because if a stuff is permeable it can let molecules to go through through quicker th an semi-permeable stuffs as the holes are bigger and can let more molecules to go through through. Hypotonic status – When a works cell is placed in a solution incorporating lower sum of solute and a higher concentration of H2O the cell swells up due to the motion of H2O into the cell. The cell becomes bombastic and the stiff cell wall tries to keep this extra sum of H2O. Isotonic status – When the works cell is placed in a solution of similar concentration. H2O moves across the cell membrane in both the waies. The net motion of H2O is zero with no alteration in the cell size. Hypertonic solution – When the works cell is placed in a solution incorporating higher sum of solute and a lower concentration of H2O the cell psychiatrists as greater sum of H2O leaves the cell. The vacuole psychiatrists and the cytol gets peeled off from the cell wall. Such cell is known as plasmolysed cell. As shown bellow the consequence of Osmosis in works cell. Osmosis in Animal cellsAnimal cells have a no cell wall to halt them from swelling up. So if carnal cells are placed in pure H2O they take in H2O by osmosis until the finally burst. All carnal cells have cytoplasm and a cell surface membrane which wholly surrounds the cell. Most carnal cells besides have a karyon. Red blood cells. nevertheless. are unusual and do non hold a karyon. As shown bellow the consequence of Osmosis in Animal cells. Factors that affect osmosis:What affects the rate of osmosis: There are many factors that can impact the rate of osmosis ; these are concentrations of solutions in osmosis. the surface country. temperature. distance. clip. force per unit area. visible radiation and dark. Temperature: A faster temperature means a faster rate of reaction. Concentration: Water possible degree in osmosis molecules have to travel from an country of high H2O potency to an country of low H2O potency. Besides the are of low H2O potency will incorporate more salt molecules than H2O molecules and the country with high H2O potency will incorporate less salt molecules than H2O molecules. significance that the salt molecules will travel from the country of low H2O potency to an country of high H2O potency. This increases the rate of osmosis if the high H2O possible side and the low possible side have a really different degree of H2O. but it will decelerate down as they portion out the H2O and salt molecules. Dist ance: The more distance the molecules need to travel across between two sides the slower rate of osmosis will be. Surface country: For any chemical reaction. if there is a bigger surface country with the reactants. so there is more opportunity of successful hits between the atoms. In osmosis with this peculiar experiment. this is the permeableness of the murphy. whether the H2O molecules can easy acquire through the permeable membrane or non during osmosis. the easier for the H2O molecules to go through through agencies faster rate of osmosis. The permeableness of the murphy can be determined by the age of the murphy. as older the murphy is the less permeable it is. intending a slower rate of osmosis. It can besides be determined by the form of the murphy. as different form will hold different surface are. intending different rate of successful hits and doing different rate of osmosis. Size of the solution: The smaller the molecules of the solution the faster rate of osmosis. Time: The longer osmosis goes on the slower the rate of osmosis as the concentration gradient lessening. Pressure: The fo rce per unit area on one side of the membrane can increase or diminish the rate of osmosis by forcing the solution against the membrane. Light and dark: They are besides factors of osmosis. since the brighter the light the faster osmosis takes topographic point. To make a just trial certain parts of the experiment will hold to be kept same whilst one other key variable is changed. I have chosen to alter the concentration of the external solution each clip. This will give me a varied set of consequences. If any of the other variables were non kept the same so it would non be a just trial. for illustration if one of the murphy french friess was a different length to the remainder this would impact the consequences and hence would reason in an unjust trial. In my probe I’m traveling to happen out how effects a different concentration on the mass of a murphy. I will be proving 6 different concentration get downing from 0 % H2O. 1 % . 2 % . 3 % . 4 % . 5 % all the murphy french friess will be left for 24 hours in the solution. The mass of the murphy french friess will be measured before and after the experiment. And will be placed in a different type of solution 3 peaces of murphy french friess in different trial tubing of the same solutio n to do my consequences more dependable. The alteration of salt concentration affects the osmosis force per unit area in the murphy. The bigger concentration of salt in the H2O the more H2O the murphy will cut down from it self so the H2O will equilibrate what is called osmosis. Finally the murphy will shrivel and go small but if the concentration is low inside the murphy it will absorb H2O in it and go bigger. Hypothesis:Osmosis is defined as the net motion of H2O or any other solution’s molecules from a part in which they are extremely concentrated to a part in which they are less concentrated. This motion must take topographic point across a partly permeable membrane such as a cell wall. which lets smaller molecules such as H2O through but does non let bigger molecules to go through through. The molecules will go on to spread until the country in which the molecules are found reaches a province of equilibrium. significance that the molecules are indiscriminately distributed throughout an object. with no country holding a higher or lower concentration than any other. For this peculiar probe I think that the lower the concentration of the salt solution in the trial tubing the larger the mass of the murphy will be. This is because the H2O molecules pass from a high concentration. In the H2O itself. to a low concentration. In the murphy bit. Therefore. the french friess in higher H2O concentrations will hold a larger mass than in higher salt concentrations. The independent variables I have chosen to look into is how different concentration of salt affects the mass of a murphy. As the concentration of salt additions. the mass of murphy lessenings and as the concentration of salt lessenings. the mass of the murphy increases. This is because during osmosis. H2O diffuses from and country of high concentration to a low concentration. Purpose: To look into the consequence of the alteration of concentration of salt solution on a sample of murphy. The inquiry that I will be look intoing is whether the concentration of the salt solution affect the sum of H2O gained or lost by veggies. Before get downing my concluding experiment I will foremost make a series of preliminary experiments to assist me fix and do determinations sing how I will travel about finishing the chief experiment. Method:Fist I’m planning to roll up all the equipment needed for my experiment: 18 Test tubingmurphy corer3 murphies30cm swayersalt solutions 0 % . 1 % . 2 % . 3 % . 4 % . 5 %timer1 board1 pencil/ pen2 sheets of paper1 electronic weighing graduated table3 different pen colourss Then I will build a tabular array to demo my consequences. As shown on the following page. I will so transport out cheques to do certain my consequence are accurate by doing the experiment carnival. I will roll up all the equipment needed for this experiment. I am traveling to put a murphy on a board. I am traveling to utilize a murphy corer to core out a murphy tissue. I will mensurate the size and cut it excessively 4cm. I will besides weigh the murphy pieces after they have been cut and enter the informations onto my tabular array. Repeat this process seventeen more times to hold 18 murphy tissues. I am cutting the murphy 4cm utilizing a knife. Then utilizing my 6 different solutions 0 % ( H2O ) . 1 % . 2 % . 3 % . 4 % . 5 % . After I’m traveling set up the beakers and the trial tubing. I will put the murphy french friess inside the test-tubes and pure the different concentrations of salt solution into each of its ain trial tubing. Repeat this measure for each 3 concentrati on of the same solution’s. After I have poured the different concentrations of salt solution into each of its ain trial tubing. I’m traveling to exchange on the timer for the following 24 hours that I’m go forthing the murphy in the solution’s. After 24 hours I will take them out of the trial tubing. and clean them gently with a paper towel. I am traveling to mensurate the weight of the murphy french friess. in their corresponding order. Then I will once more roll up this information on to the tabular array I have planned. Method ( incorporating ) and consequenceI will so. pour the different concentration of salt solution into each test-tube and topographic point a cored murphy tissue and step it and weight it utilizing a swayer and a graduated table and record the informations consequences on the tabular array. I will go forth it at that place for 24 hours. I will take out the murphy tissues. weight it utilizing a graduated table. and record the consequences on to the tabular array. I will so compare the consequences on the tabular array and so put or demo the consequences on a graph I will plot the points above the osmotic if the tendency or alteration is positive and vice-verse for negative ( under osmotic points ) . Preliminary trial: I already know that osmosis is a procedure when a substance ( normally solution ) like salt or sugar dissolved in H2O. the solute pull some H2O molecules. and they can non travel around therefore diminishing the concentration of H2O molecules. If there is a partly preamble membrane incorporating pure H2O. and that membrane is surrounded by solution with high H2O potential the H2O. the pure H2O would spread into the solution as the H2O molecules diffuse faster into pores of the membrane. as they are smaller than salt solution molecules. The salt solution will spread more easy as they are bigger and take more clip ( therefore less salt molecules spreading ) as the pores are non large plenty. This osmosis ( this is the same for vice-verse ) . In my instance. the murphy tissues cell ( semi-permeable ) has cell sap ( really thin salt and chemical solution ) inside its vacuole. It besides has cell sap and reserved chemicals. The murphy cell besides has a cell walls that control torpidity of the murphy cell. If there is higher per centum of salt solution. which has a lower H2O potency. so osmosis will take topographic point. This means that the H2O diffuses out of the vacuole into the salt solution and the vacuole gets smaller. Thus. the cell wall and cell membrane will fall in or shrivel as there is no force per unit area being exerted on the membrane or the walls or there is less force per unit area. However. once more utilizing the osmosis theory. When there is high H2O potency in the salt solution outside than the vacuole inside the murphy solution that the H2O molecules from the sugar solution will spread into the murphy. and do it more bombastic as there is more force per unit area being exerted on the cell membrane and cell wall as the vacuole will be bigger with more H2O molecules. This means that where osmosis has taken topographic point and the salt solution has a higher H2O possible solution the murphy tissue will be even shorter and lighter. as in the solution there will be less H2O molecules traveling freely and these are the H2O molecules which diffuse therefore intending that there will be less H2O molecules spreading into murphy cell membrane. Furthermore the H2O molecule in murphy ( bulk ) will spread out do even less bombastic. I know a murphy cell will be or turgid when there is more H2O as vacuole and cell membrane can use as it is confiding by cell wall so it exert force per unit area on it therefore makes it more strong and bombastic. Prediction: I predict that if you increase the concentration of salt solution. you will diminish the mass of the murphy bit. Using this background information. I can do steadfast anticipation utilizing the osmosis theory chiefly. I think utilizing different concentration I will acquire a varied consequence. The murphy cell which has been in lower concentration of H2O will do the murphy chops longer and more bombastic. When potato french friess is put in higher concentrations of salt solution. osmosis will take topographic point and the murphy french friess will by and large go more soft. soft and flaccid. All concentrations will be step in % . all liquids will be measured in ( g ) and length will be measured in ( centimeter ) . temperature and grades centigrade. Since the vacuole in the murphy cell contain much more H2O the murphy bit in general will be heavy if the sugar solution has lower concentration. However if the salt solution is higher that the murphy bit so the murphy bit will be lighte r. as the murphy cell will hold loss mass trough losing H2O though osmosis. Using preliminary work. which I have done will hold improved my work greatly as in the past experiment utilizing a murphy french friess I have used a smaller solution which was 0 % . 0. 5 % . 1 % . 1. 5 % . 2 % . 2. 5 % . 3 % . 3. 5 % . 4 % . 4. 5 % . 5 % which showed that there was non a large osmosis alteration. I changed the slat solution to a entire figure 0 % ( H2O ) . 1 % . 2 % . 3 % . 4 % . 5 % that showed a better consequence in the concluding experiment I did. Besides at that place for at my past experiment I left my murphy french friess in the solution merely for 30 proceedingss which didn’t have much clip to do any osmosis alterations in the murphy. Therefore at my concluding experiment I left the potato’s over dark that had a better osmosis consequence on the murphy bit. Besides my preliminary consequences may hold been more inaccurate as merely carried out the experiment one time and in the concluding experiment I repeated it 3 times to better its truth. In add-on in that experiment I had besides measured the variables for mass and this was more likely to bring forth anomalousnesss as weight of excess H2O have got on the graduated table if the murphy french friess hadn’t been cleaned decently. Full Risk appraisal and just trial:I am traveling to seek to do my experiment carnival as possible through many steps. To do my experiment fairer I will do certain. When I put the murphy pieces inside the trial tubes that they are all 4cm long. In add-on. they are taken out of the trial tubing in the same order they went in. I will besides label all the trial tubing and clearly bespeak what salt solution’s there are. Besides. the same volume of 4cm of salt solution will travel in each trial tubing regardless of salt concentration. I will have on goggles during the activity portion of the experiment to protect my eyes. I will cut and core the murphy on a board. I will be more careful non to cut anything or myself. I will set different trial tubings incorporating the salt solution and the murphy bit into beaker with H2O. This will assist maintain steady temperature through the experiment as H2O influenced environment will be less affected by sudden temperature alterations. I wil l utilize the same size bore bit and pencil. When the experiment are done. I will put the murphy french friess on paper towel to absorb extra salt solution and so weight it. The experiment will last so 24 hours. as I do non desire any bacteriums to distribute or damage the semi-permeable membrane. I am taking these safeguards to do my consequences more accurate as good. The murphy french friess ever be 4 centimeters long before they go in and the same volume of salt solution will be used the concentration will change. The experiment itself will be conducted on a normal mild twenty-four hours. I will besides have on clear goggles to avoid the salt solution or any other utensils being exposed to our eyes. Safety was necessary in the experiment and I had to take a great trade of attention. To guarantee this. I did the experiment while standing in-case of any spillages that would happen. Using a cork bore bit and scalpel I had to take a great trade of attention. as they both are really crisp points and could be harmful to those around me particularly if I used them falsely. When utilizing these two pieces of equipment I was really careful to do certain I did non cut any fellow students or myself. I was besides cognizant when managing the glass trial tubing. in instance any spillages. Graph: The preliminary graph showed as the concentration increases the volume of the murphy cylinders lessenings. which clearly supports my anticipation. The line is of best tantrum and is non – additive steady curve. the line easy lessenings and goes down and easy unit of ammunitions of. The graph shows there were no anomalous consequences. The first graph showed as the concentration increases the volume of the murphy cylinders lessenings. which clearly supports my anticipation. The line is of best tantrum and is non – additive steady curve. the line easy lessenings and goes down and easy unit of ammunitions of. The graph shows there were no anomalous consequences. The 2nd graph showed as the concentration increases the volume of the murphy cylinders lessenings. which clearly supports my anticipation. The line is of best tantrum and is non – additive steady curve. the line easy lessenings and goes down and easy unit of ammunitions of. The graph shows there were no anomalous consequences. Controlled variables:Here are the possible variables that could hold been investigated in this experiment. ConcentrationsSurface countryTemperatureThe chosen variable is concentration. because this is easy. efficient and can bring forth good consequences. The other two would be really difficult to look into and step. so concentration will be investigated. The trial will be a just trial because most of the factors that will be kept changeless in the experiment. The undermentioned factors will be kept changeless: Length of Potato cylinders. Temperature- which is room temperature.Apparatus s used for each experiment.Entire volume of solution.The experiment room.Beginning of salt solution.Scale used to weigh the murphy french friess.PotatoLight strengthBy maintaining these things constant the experiment will be just trial. and will be able to give accurate replies. The experiment variablesConcentration of salt solution. Mass of potato- lone alteration in mass is needed so this does non count. The concentration varies. as this is what we are proving. The mass varies as the mass can non be kept changeless. but this does non count because merely the alteration in the mass is needed. Evaluation: The consequences I received were satisfactory and all supported my anticipation that as concentration of salt solution additions. the volume of murphy lessenings – this is osmosis and when the murphy cylinders are placed in H2O they increase in size -to signifier a bombastic province. In an isosmotic solution. there is small alteration. I feel I obtained satisfactory consequences I think if there was more clip I could hold investigated extra factors to broaden my probe and possibly even have more accurate consequences. Evaluation: As could be seen the consequences I found were non wholly right. Ideally I would wish to reiterate the experiment one time more to guarantee the consequences and decisions I have made are right. Another ground for the inaccuracy of consequences could be the fact that the setup used for both experiments were non the same. This was due to the fact that the 2nd experiment was carried out after a few yearss. so the same experiment could non be used. This may be another possible ground why the consequences were non accurate the 2nd clip unit of ammunition. Different murphy batches. and different salt solutions were used which may hold caused some hinderance to the consequences. If these were kept the same for both experiments so the consequences would be better. The room temperature is similar. As temperature is a possible experiment variable that could hold been done alternatively of concentration. it had to be kept changeless. This is really difficult to make. so the experiment was carr ied out at room temperature. but this could hold changed between experiments or during experiments. If the temperature were kept changeless so the experiment would be fairer and give better consequences. This could hold been done by making the experiment in a temperature-controlled room. to guarantee that the temperature remains changeless. The experiment could besides hold given better consequences if I had used more accurate deliberation graduated tables. to give better weight readings. If I were to reiterate the experiment I could hold perchance found a machine to cut the murphies. This would guarantee that all murphies would be the same weight and dimensions and do the experiment fairer and give better consequences. To happen better consequences. I could besides hold measured the volume of the solution left when rhenium weighing the murphies. If this was done. so I could hold seen if the volume alterations match the mass alterations. It would besides hold provided excess grounds for the truth of the consequences. In these ways I could hold improved my current experiment I carried out. To widen my experiment I could prove how concentration affects the rate of osmosis on different veggies. I could hold used different veggies. like a Cucumis sativus. Then I could happen out whether osmosis occurs with the same tendencies with any vegetable. I could besides hold done the experiment with another solution alternatively of salt solution. I could hold used sugar solution. and so compared the two sets of consequences to see if it makes a difference and why it makes a difference. I could besides hold extended this experiment by proving more solutions with the murphy cylinders. I could hold used more different concentrations of salt solution to give better consequences in this experiment. By making this I could hold found the isosmotic point. which is where osmosis is balanced so there is H2O motion. as the H2O concentration is the same on both sides of the semi permeable membrane. I cold besides have tested how the osmosis rate alterations with different murphy cylinder sizes. From this I would be able to see if the size of the murphy affects the rate of osmosis.

Japan Essays (931 words) - Japanese Archipelago, Honshu, Japan

Japan Japan Table of Contents I. Geography a.) Land b.) Climate c.) Vegetation d.) Population and Culture e.) Natural Resources and Land Usage II. History a.) Post WWII-Present III. Economics IV. Politics and Government V. Military VI. International Relations VII. International Appeal The island of Japan (145,826 sq. mi.) is located in the North Pacific Ocean. It is bounded by on the north by the Sea of Okhotsk, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea, and on the west by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan. I. Geography a.) Land Japan is made up of four islands: Hokkaido, Kyushu, Honshu, and Shikoku. The Entire country is smaller than the state of Montana. Honshu is the largest island of the four. It is a very mountainous island and features the Japanese Alps, which is home to Mount Fuji, Japan's highest peak. These Alps also harbor many active and inactive volcanoes. The Kanto Plain, the largest lowland in the country spreads from the Alps. Hokkaido, the northernmost and second largest island is full of forested mountains and hills. Although large in size, Hokkaido only has about 5% of the nation living there. The steep, walled heavily forested mountains that run down the center of the island characterize Kyushu. Kyushu has rolling hills, wide plains and doesn't have much fertile farmland. Many mountains and hills cross up Shikoku, Japan's smallest island. b.) Climate The climate in Japan is generally mild. However, the temperature for each island varies. For instance, in Hokkaido and northern Honshu, the winters are usually bitterly cold and the summers are very short. In Kyushu, Shikoku, and southern Honshu, the summers are long and humid and winters are mild. All areas in Japan are subject to at least 40 inches of rain a year. Typhoons are common in late summer-early fall. c.) Vegetation Japan is home to more than 17,000 species of flowering and nonflowering plants. Trees in Japan are predominately conifers; the most common species is the sugi or Japanese cedar. Other evergreens such as the larch, spruce, and fir thrive there also. On Kyushu, Shikoku, and southern Honshu, subtropical trees like bamboo, camphor, and banyan are all prevalent. d.) Population and Culture Approximately 125,449,703 people currently live in Japan, making it one of the most population dense countries in the world. Seventy-eight percent of Japan's population reside in the large urban areas such as Tokyo, Osaka, and Kawasaki. Japan is ethnically 99% Japanese and the remaining 1% is comprised of Koreans, Chinese, and the Ainu, the aboriginal people of Japan. The major religions of the Japanese people are Shintoism and Buddhism. Japan is also a very appreciative and cultured country. Japan has a large, state-of-the-art library in virtually every major city. The University of Tokyo Library boasts more than 6.3 million volumes and increases by 200,000 volumes every year. Japan also has many modern galleries and museums, such as the Tokyo National Museum. The Japanese, who place high value on education, attend one of over 60 national universities or the countless other private institutions there. The Japanese also are lovers of all types of sports. Baseball, soccer, volleyball, tennis, and skiing are all secular favorites. a.) Natural Resources and Land Usage Japan has various minerals, but has generally small quantities of them all. Thus, Japan imports almost all minerals that it requires. Limestone is the primary mineral mined in Japan. Other minerals available in minute quantities are coal, natural gas, copper, lead, zinc, and quartzite. Japan has utilized its large waterpower potential to produce massive amounts of energy. II. History III. Economics Japan's unit of currency is the yen. The national bank of issue is the Bank of Japan. Due to the lack of arable land, agriculture plays a small part in Japan's economy, while mining, manufacturing, and other industries employ 70 percent of the workforce. Fishing and forestry are both very lucrative industries in Japan. Japan's leading manufactured items include chemicals, transportation equipment, metal and metal goods, electrical machinery, and non-electrical machinery. Japan has one of the world's strongest economies. Although economically devastated after WWII, Japan became strong again in the late-1950's to early-1960's. The primary exports in Japan are electronics, automobiles, machines, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, precision instruments, and office machines. Japanese imports include live animals, textiles, metal

E-mail-Whats Good About It essays

E-mail-What's Good About It essays The introduction of e-mail is by far one of the greatest things since sliced bread. E-mail has enabled us to be more efficient at work, home, and play. Before we were blessed with e-mail, we were reduced to using phone, fax or postage to communicate. All of these ways were very costly. E-mail saves us money on stamps, stationary, and phone bills. It is definitely quicker than using our current air and land mail system. On my job I am requires to read my E-mail daily. My higher headquarters is in Alabama and I am in Louisiana. It is much easier to reach them through E-mail than by telephone. If I call and no one is available to answer the phone because of meetings, I know that I can send an E-mail and when the recipient returns to the office and check their E-mail, my message will be there. It has been my experience that I get a faster response when I e-mail. Sometimes when I have called and got an answering machine, I was told that the message was never received, this dont happen with E-mail because I am notified when the message has been received by the person I sent it to. I am retired from the Army and have many friends all over the world. My husband has just returned from a year long deployment in Afghanistan. Sometimes using a telephone was nearly impossible, but I received e-mails messages from him on a daily basis. This by itself saved me many hours of worrying about his safety after hearing news reports of enemy activity in the area where he was assigned. I have other friends still deployed in E-Mail-Whats good About It 2 defense of our country. We communicate as much as possible through E-mail. I am able to help keep them motivated with my constant E-mails of encouragement Of, course I use E-mail sometimes purely for my enjoyment. I receive a variety of E-mails from friends with something to simply make me laugh. We are ...

How U.S. Government and regulatory bodies can manage business cycles Essay

How U.S. Government and regulatory bodies can manage business cycles - Essay Example Business cycles can be defined as larger fluctuations in the economic activities or in the production of goods and services over a long period of time. It is sometimes known as economic cycle and is often associated with periods of high economic growth. The business cycle therefore consists of periods of economic booms as well as periods of economic recession or decline. The measurement for the business cycle is often done by the government through the measure of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a particular nation. It is however important to note that even though it is termed as a business cycle; it does not follow ant pattern or any mechanically predictable pattern (Lynch, 85). In this context, it is therefore difficult to tell what pattern or direction the future cycle will take. This presents a challenge to the managements of the business cycles and call for better ways of forecasting. The explanation of the causes of the business cycles remains some of the controversial issue s in the analysis of economic growth in many economies (Hill, 320). One of the most common known causes of business cycles is the disequilibrium commonly known as the Keynesian theory. This theory is based on the argument that the fluctuation in the economy often begin because of lack of demand for the workers or labor. The argument here is that labor market or demand for labor do not adjust immediately but take very long time and hence it is difficult for the government to adjust appropriately and at the right time (Agnew, 197). The lack of demand for workers often adjust after very long period of time and the result of this is that it takes time. Moreover, the wages for labor and the prices are sticky as some are not easily adjustable and hence it takes very long time for the labor market to respond to the demand. â€Å"If output goes down it is due to that market fails to clear pushing the economy into recession† (Brentani, 109). This explains the downwards and the upward trends in the economy that forms the business cycles witnessed not only in the United States of America but also in the other nations across the world. The real business cycle theory on the other hand asserts that the changes or the fluctuations in business occur as a result of real factors. It is important to note that this theory believes that the government should not take part in controlling the market forces. The market forces of demand and supply should be left to adjust on their own (Treve, 72). The intervention of the government through the monetary as well as fiscal policies is not necessary, because the economy is capable of adjusting to the changes on its own. This theory also puts more emphasis on the substitution of labor and technological shocks as the major causes of business cycles. Failure of the economy to adjust to these changes would therefore lead to economy moving to recession. With regard to this theory, the rates of changes or the degree to which workers resp onds to incentives determines the supply of labor. Fluctuations in the level of technology also have serious impacts on the labor productivity because it affects the incentives (Knoop, 251). The high rise in technology would improve the productivity of labor and hence the real wages would rise as well. This would then result into the increase in the output and rates of employment and vice versa. This theory has also considered other factors like terrorism, disasters, political unrests, weather conditions among other factors that can affect output of an economy. In this way of argument, money does not impact on output neither does output impact on money and hence both move together in the same direction (Knoop, 253). Real business cycle theory is thus very important in the understanding of business cycle theory. However, just like any other theory, it is not perfect and has its own limitations. The

Questions and answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

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Uk holidays industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Uk holidays industry - Essay Example Another significant challenge being faced by the industry is increasing inflation, which has resulted in the average expenditure per visitor falling from 320 pounds per visit in 1996 to 250 pounds per visit in 2005. Another challenge that is posed to incumbents in the industry is the competition from other tourist destinations overseas. There has been a rise in the number of people leaving the UK. In 2005, the number of UK residents leaving the country on visits abroad was 2.3 million and their expenditure rose by 1.9 billion pounds. This has resulted in a tourism deficit, with UK competitiveness reducing in comparison with the rest of the world.(Tourism Annual report, 2006). This is further exacerbated by the high taxation rates mentioned before, which makes UK products and services 50% more expensive as compared to comparable services in other European countries. As a result, tourists prefer to visit other destinations in Europe rather than visiting the U.K. The UK Government has also increased the cost of licenses from alcohol sales from 30 pounds for three years to about 300 pounds per annum, which has made it difficult and uneconomical for many incumbent players in the tourist industry, such as small bed and breakfast units, to provide alcohol to their customers (Tourism Annual report, 2006). Companies in the industry that wish to succeed must ensure that appropriate standards of quality are met. Visitors to the UK are looking for a high quality tourist experience at reasonable prices. Therefore, innovative products and services must be introduced without sacrificing environmental protection (Tourism Annual report 2006). Companies in the holidays industry that are able to develop innovative tourist packages and plans are likely to benefit. For example, the opening of the Eden project neat St. Austell in Cornwall has had a positive impact on the tourist

Importance Of Accuracy And Fluency English Language Essay

Importance Of Accuracy And Fluency English Language Essay Accuracy and fluency are two key components of second language acquisition. In todays world, it seems that learning the usage of grammar and focusing on accuracy are emphasized by many language students over fluency. This topic of accuracy and fluency has been a controversial issue that has been discussed for many years. Although some formalists argue that learning a language means learning forms and rules, some activists take a different view and claim that learning a language means learning how to use a language (Eskey, 1983). Thus, this essay will argue that accuracy is not necessarily more important than fluency. It depends on learners needs and the purpose of instruction in second language acquisition. In order to demonstrate this, this essay will first focus on the importance of accuracy and fluency in English learning and show that they are both essential by looking at two different teaching methods. Second, it will turn to discuss both accuracy and fluency in term of learner goals, learner variables and instructional variables. Third, it will suggest what language teachers should do to deal with the issue and find the right balance between them. The importance of accuracy and fluency In this section, it will be argued that both accuracy and fluency are needed in second language acquisition. There has been much discussion about these two components, with arguments put forward in support of either one of the other. However, it will be shown that neither component is useful without the other. Early teaching methods promoted accuracy over fluency. For instance, the Grammar-Translation Method has been used by language teachers for many years. It is the traditional style of teaching method emphasizing grammar explanation and translation (Cook, 2001). In such a method, it is important for students to learn about the form of the target language. The role of the teacher is the authority. Students merely do what the teacher says and learn from the teacher, and many students consider that correct answers are essential. If they make errors or do not know an answer, it is the teachers duty to supply them with the correct answer. However, accuracy cannot be regarded as enough in language learning. According to Larsen-Freeman (2000), in the Grammar-Translation Method, the language that is used in class is mostly the students native language. In this case, there is much less attention to second language speaking and listening. When it comes to speaking and listening skills, fluency needs to be taken account in language learning. For this reason, other methods have emphasized fluency in language learning. It is clear that these approaches are built on learning the use of language not on learning the usage of it. For example, compared with the Grammar-Translation Method, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) emphasizes the process of communication rather than just focusing on language forms (Larsen-Freeman, 2000). Since the concept of CLT places an emphasis on fluency, errors of form can be seen as a natural outcome of the development of communication skills. Another argument in favour of fluency is the implementation of language in an authentic environment. In the real world, language is mostly used to express feeling and thought (Eskey, 1983). When there is a purpose to exchange meaning, fluency is the key element during communication. While communicating with each other, foreign language learners often encounter the difficulty, that is, what they know how to say does not achieve their communicative intention. In order to bridge the gap of such discrepancy, learners may use communicative strategies, such as prediction to make the communication successful. This is because if communicators are in the same context, one may predict what the other is going to say next. For example, before the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, taxi drivers in Beijing were trained in order to obtain English speaking ability so that they could communicate with foreign tourists fluently. In this situation, although the taxi drivers were poor at grammar rules, they still can communicate with foreigners. This is because the driver can predict where the foreign passenger will go since their destination may be related to the Olympic Games. In this case, although some grammatical errors exist, communicators can still understand each other because they are in the same context. When listeners can not understand what speakers mean, they usually predict the following conversation and provide immediate response with speakers in the process of meaning negotiation. However, it must be remembered that the achievement of this level of communicative competence does not mean an equal one of grammatical competence (Eskey, 1983). As Eskey (1983: 319) claims, fluency in a language is no guarantee of formal accuracy. A realistic concern is that focusing on fluency may cause the significant effect on accuracy. According to Eskey (1983: 319), rewarding a learners fluency may, in some cases, actually impede his or her achievement of accuracy. For example, in order to get meaning across, language learners find the words, but they either pronounce them wrongly or put them together inappropriately. Such problem happens due to the fact that they can speak English continually but express themselves poorly. Thus, although accuracy is not enough by itself, it is still considered as necessary in language learning. Although learners can still communicate the message to make sense without correct form, it can not be denied that in order to use the language, learners still need to be able to convert linguistic forms into the ability to actually use then. Therefore, when using CLT approach, correcting for accuracy will still be offered by teachers. Although prediction in communicative context may benefit successful communication, fluency is not enough in this circumstance. Without accuracy, misunderstanding may occur because of misspelling, poor pronunciation and grammatical structures. It is therefore clear that as language teachers, both fluency and accuracy must be equally concerned in teaching students to use a language. The elements towards focusing on accuracy and fluency As the first section has mentioned, both accuracy and fluency are needed in the process of language learning. In this section, it will be argued that although these two components are equally necessary, there are three elements that may influence focus on them. The first element to consider is learner goals. It is suggested that many ESL teachers facilitate their students to develop communicative competence to really use the language for authentic purpose. Nonetheless, what students learn from the teacher may not be the outcome that the teacher supposes them to acquire. For example, if Thai children learn English in a rural Thai village, the outcome of language achievement may not all be positive. This is because these children do not need to use English as a tool in their daily life. In contrast, if Thai children learn English in order to sell products to foreigners, then there may be concern about a purpose for communicative competence. Moreover, if they want to pursue higher education in England, accuracy needs to be focused in language learning. Therefore, it seems that the need for accuracy and fluency relates to what goals learners want to achieve. It is considered that learner variables are also a key element which influences the focus on accuracy or fluency. According to Celce-Murcia (1985), a strategy guideline is provided to assist teachers in determining what degree they ought to focus on form in their own classes. In his study, learner variables include age, proficiency level and educational background. It is noted that every individual learns in different ways. Compared with adolescents and adults, young children seem to be more holistic in learning a concept instead of doing apparent analysis. This is because they are too young to analyse the structure of a language. Therefore, if young ESL learners are taught, it is most likely that little grammar instruction is needed. However, if the students are adolescents or adults, focusing on form may be more important. It is also suggested that education level is relevant to focus on accuracy or fluency. This is because teaching learners with preliterate level differs from teaching ones with literate level. If adults are at the level of beginners with little formal education, then focusing on form will be less important while fluency is the top priority. On the other hand, if the learners are at the intermediate or advanced level and are well educated, accuracy may be required and it may be necessary for the teacher to provide some feedback relating to form correction in order for them to make progress. Therefore, focusing on accuracy is not enough, fluency still needs to be concerned in terms of learners age, proficiency level and educational background. Moreover, instructional variables can be seen as the third element, which includes skill, register and need. It is suggested that the need of focus on accuracy and fluency also changes according to the purpose of the instruction. For instance, according to Celce-Murcia (1985), when the teacher is teaching receptive skills, such as listening or reading, the emphasis on form will be less important, since these skills require competence primarily in word recognition. Nevertheless, this does not mean accuracy can be neglected, because when knowing grammatical structure, learners can build up logical connection between sentences, which facilitates both listening and reading comprehension. On the other hand, if the teacher is focusing on productive skills, such as speaking and writing, then formal accuracy will become an essential concern. In addition, it has to be remembered that fluency is still needed for communication purpose. This is because if the teacher is offering a conversation class which purpose is for learners to really use the language to communicate with others, then fluency will be emphasized. Furthermore, if the learners immediate need is survival communication, formal accuracy is less focused. On the other hand, if the learner wants to use the language in a professional field, such as writing an academic essay or being a diplomat, then a high degree of formal accuracy is essential. The higher the stakes, the more likely that accuracy will be important (Eskey, 1983: 318). Therefore, it is clear that both accuracy and fluency are needed and whether focusing on accuracy or fluency depends on learner needs and course objectives. Approaches of finding balance between accuracy and fluency a) Course design and needs assessment Based on these three elements mentioned above, it is suggested that teachers should find the right balance between accuracy and fluency. Eskey (1983) argues that: Teachers must be prepared to deal with students who know grammar rules but can not speak the language fluently; likewise, they must also be prepared to deal with students who are fluent but not accurate (Eskey, 1983). In order to balance accuracy and fluency in language learning and teaching, it is suggested that both these components need to be taught in the process of learning situation. Thus, in this section, it will suggest methods of keeping a balance between accuracy and fluency in term of course design and needs assessment. It has been argued that many language learners have learned grammar rules, but when they want to express themselves, they do not have enough authentic experience of using languages (Celce-Murcia, 1985). Such result may be due to the fact that teaching materials does not provide learners with the context relevant to the communicative situation. In order to solve this problem, Celce-Murcia (1985) suggests an integrating grammar instruction into a communicative curriculum providing purposeful task-based discourse samples. For example, for the general purpose language learners, their beginning level course may start with teaching grammar-meaning correspondences, such as present tense versus past tense. By giving the time frame, students can easily distinguish the difference between these two tenses. After that, students are then taught grammar-function correspondences, such as the tone of must is stronger than need to. As soon as these two basic levels have been established, the teacher can offer discourse-level grammar, such as use of conjunctions. In this case, students not only acquire the grammar rules which focus on accuracy but also apply it for purposeful discourse which focuses on fluency. By this course designed to integrate form, meaning and content, it is possible for learners to balance accuracy and fluency in the communication (Celce-Murcia, 1985). However, there is a simple question about why learners need to balance accuracy and fluency. The answer to this question relates to English for specific purpose (ESP). According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987), courses should be designed to meet learners needs. This may suggest that language teachers should note which learners need more attention on accuracy or fluency. To achieve this goal, for instance, teachers need to gather information about learners needs on accuracy and fluency and identify their target situation by using questionnaires, interviews, observation and informal consultations with learners before a course. Having done this, teachers analyse strategies required to cope in target situation, and then create syllabus which is a document saying which aspect needs more effort on accuracy or fluency. After that, select and design materials to focus on these strategies in syllabus. Finally, after teaching the materials, teachers establish evaluation procedures to test lear ners acquisition of accuracy and fluency (Hutchinson and Waters, 1987). b) Evaluation and feedback In this section, it will be argued that course design and needs assessment are not enough. The evaluation and feedback afterwards from learners can also help teachers find the right balance between accuracy and fluency. Evaluation can be defined as a whole process of action which begins with decision of information gathering and ends with change in current courses or influence on future ones (Dudley-Evans and St John, 1998). According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 145), an ESP course, after all, is supposed to be successful. This is because it is designed for particular learners to achieve particular objective with language level of accuracy and fluency. There are two levels of evaluation. The first one is learner assessment. Students performance is assessed at strategic points, such as at the beginning and at the end of the course. This is because ESP concerns with the necessary skills for particular learners to carry out communicative tasks. This kind of assessment enables teachers to determine how much focus on accuracy and fluency is needed (Hutchinson and Waters, 1987). As ESP teachers, they need to consider if the objectives are too ambitious for learners. If so, the learners initial language competence may be overestimated. For example, a teacher designs a syllabus by analysing students needs. Students are expected to present written work and make an oral presentation in accurate English. After teaching, the teacher may find that serious weakness in grammar leads to unclearness of students oral presentation. Although the course contains the objectives of achieving certain level of accuracy and fluency, perhaps students achieve more on either one of them, and then students will require more specific help by teaching both accuracy and fluency used in the context relevant to their needs. The second one is course evaluation by learners. This helps teachers to demonstrate how well the course actually meets a particular educational aim. Therefore, evaluation not only reflects learners performance on accuracy and fluency during the process of learning but also shows how effective students feel the course was. In this case, if they feel the ESP course fails to meet their goal, then there must be something wrong with course design or methodology. It is therefore clear that both learner and course evaluation have a similar function in providing feedback on the ESP course (Hutchinson and Waters, 1987). Moreover, the feedback of the learning outcome is essential not only for students but also for teachers. This is because feedback reflects students learning achievement on accuracy and fluency and the effectiveness of teaching. Therefore, how to evaluate learning and teaching to obtain feedback is important to teachers. In order to find the balance between accuracy and fluency, evaluation and feedback are essential not only at the beginning of the course but also after the instruction. Conclusion In conclusion, although accuracy has been emphasised by many language students, as the three sections mentioned above, it can clearly be seen that both accuracy and fluency are important at different needs for different people of different priorities. Despite the fact that some arguments show that accuracy is essential for learners to acquire linguistic form to produce the language, this is not enough. Fluency is still needed considering the language implementation in an authentic environment. This essay has suggested that both accuracy and fluency are needed in second language acquisition. Whether to focus more on accuracy or fluency depends on learners needs and course objectives. Therefore, language teachers can find the right balance of accuracy and fluency by using an ESP approach to design courses relevant to the needs and objectives. Thus, these courses can maximise the effects of teaching and learning through evaluation and feedback. Although ESP can solve this problem, teachers ability to design the course should be taken into consideration. Therefore, it is suggested that teacher training program is certainly necessary and the real development may be made in the future.

Attention Deficit Disorder :: essays research papers

ADD 1 Running head: Attention Deficit Disorder ADD 2 Attention Deficit Disorder: The Effects of ADD Introduction Attention Deficit Disorder, which most people know as ADD, effects over two million people in the U.S. every year. Many people think ADD was discovered within the last twenty years when in actuality it was discovered over one hundred years ago. â€Å"ADD is considered a learning disability. However, children and adults who display some of the symptoms associated with ADD may hide a greater potential than expected† (Sympatico 38 of 40). Review of ADD ADD is a treatable but not curable disorder. It effects three to six percent of the population. It is usually found in children because that is when people are in the most active parts of their lives. Symptoms There are many symptoms that suggest that a person has ADD. One example is of a person not being able to stay in one place for a long period of time. Another is that the person becomes easily distracted, has difficulty awaiting his turn in games, blurts out answers of questions, has difficulty following instructions, or ADD 3 playing games quietly, talks excessively, and engages in dangerous activity. There are several ways through which ADD can be diagnosed. One way is by a specialist observing the child’s behavior. Another way of diagnosing ADD in a student is having the teacher fill out an evaluation sheet and turning it into the specialist, who interprets the data collected. Concerning observation of children, Sympatico says, â€Å" kids often have difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly, are often ‘on the go’ or often act as if driven by a motor, often talk excessively† (27 of 40). Speculations Many Speculations have been given as to what causes ADD, but no one is for certain. One possibility is genetic/hereditary brain damage during or after birth or by toxins that are exposed to the child before or after birth. Also, â€Å" food allergies could cause ADD† (Sympatico 9 of 40). This theory has not been proven, but more scientific evidence is mounting and suggests that children can benefit from certain diets. Treatment ADD 4 There are several treatments that help children cope with ADD, but if a child goes untreated the disorder will increase the risks of a child’s educational performance, decrease self esteem, cause social problems and family difficulty, and have potential long term effects. The main treatment for ADD is medication. Medications are used everyday to treat the millions of people with ADD.

An Indian Farmer Essay

* Introduction- India is an agriculture country. It is a land of farmers. They live in village and die in village. They lead a very simple life. Their houses are made of mud and straw. They are very small and simple. The farmers are the true sons of the motherland. Gandhiji said India lives in village. * His Dress- the farmers do not wear fashionable dresses. They wear simple clothes. Generally they wear dhoti, kurta and a cap. The women wear cheap and simple dhotis. * His food- The food of the farmers is also very simple and cheap. They eat rice, pulses, green vegetables and chapaties. Very poor farmers get only dry bread and mirch-masala. A few rich farmers take sufficient milk curd and butter. * His work- The work of a farmer is very hard. They have to work in their fields in all the seasons of the year. In rain or sunshine they must work. They work from morning till late in the evening. They plough fields, sow seeds and raise crops. Their woek is really very hard but very useful. Our farmers provides us food, vegetable and oilseeds. * Fairs and festivals- farmers take part in fairs and festivals with full enthusiasm. They wear colorful dresses, take rounds in merry-go-round, and buy some fancy goods and toys. * Bad habbits- some farmers have bad habits also. They drink wine. They are superstitious. They have bad customs. They are illiterate as well. We must try to remove their bad habits. * Politics- previously there was no politics in village. The life of villagers was simple. They loved and co-operated with each other. The elders of the village were the punches who settled their disputes. But now the politics of the cities has reached the villages too. It has spoiled the atmosphere of the villages. The elections of the punchayats are contested with much bitterness and quarrels. This situations needs reformation because villages are the roots of nation. If they are poisoned the whole of our nation will be destroyed.

U.S. vs Asian School System essays

U.S. vs Asian School System essays In the past twenty years the United States school system has been accumulating quite a bit of criticism. Evidence shows that the United States has been lagging exponentially compared to almost all the industrialized countries. This specifically refers to Asian countries that are statistically blowing the U.S. out of the water. Recent survey results in the universal subject of math show us that the U.S. eighth graders have fallen behind, while the twelfth grade level showed only slight improvement (appositive). This means that the U.S. students are barely floating above water, where as, Asian students have built some sort of super boat (appositive). Yet we all recognize that not any one device is perfect, and are usually leaking water in the most unnoticeable spot. Before one realizes the problem, the boat is sinking. We would potentially look at these education systems as extremes of each other. Each education system being on the different side of the spectrum. Both systems having faults and advantages. Taking the positive aspects from both sides and merging them together, a harmonious education system could be established (verb phrase). The article Japans School System tells us that in an Asian classroom students will feel an incredible amount of pressure starting from grade school and up, while U.S. teachers are too afraid to raise the bar because of potential discouragement of the student. We examine evidence from the article Strengths, weaknesses, and lessons of Japanese education. A negative of the Asian school system, is the conformity that must be upheld. This achieves better education because it becomes the thing to do. When everybody is on the same curriculum there is no other choice but to follow the herd. While conformity creates better math students, it demises the aspect of creativity and individuality. The boat may float, but not posses any ...

Michel de Montaignes view on the structure of the human phsyche

Michel de Montaignes view on the structure of the human phsyche The human life is a meaningless mass of confusion. We were made helpless we will die helpless. Part of us is always tugging in a different direction. Nothing in a human's life is free, final, or constant. Due to the fact that human actions are so inconstant, life is a mass of confusion.All humans were born helpless into this world and will die helpless to the world. As soon as we depart from our mother's womb we arrive in a place in which anything can happen to us. Thousands of diseases can attack the human body daily, many of which can kill a person, provided they are not given the proper medical attention. However, even with the best of medical care and a person's body will always start to fall apart. By the time they reach death, they are as helpless as a newborn baby.There is always part of a human conscience tugging in a different direction.Arthur Schopenhauer by Ludwig Sigismund Ruhl.All this tugging is better known as free will. Humans always have the option to do whatever the y want to do. It is moral standards and trained ideals that hold the world in relative order. Without moral standards and ideals, the world would be in complete chaos. People would have no idea how to behave in any situation, and there would be nothing to tell them not to do something. However, with moral standards and trained ideals in place, people break rules knowingly, and can be justly punished for their actions. However, people still are able to break rules, be it for good, or for bad. Regardless of the choice that is at hand, there is a good choice and a bad choice. It then becomes a question of character as to which direction of tugging a person will yield...

Humanitarian Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humanitarian Operations - Essay Example t has become a policy, the US government continues to draw military personnel from the United States forces to implement various humanitarian operations. Many people regard humanitarian operation as beneficial to the United States forces, but this is partially true. Conducting Humanitarian Operations is not the role of the U.S. military and distracts our forces form their primary mission, which is to defend the U.S. interest. By conducting humanitarian operations, the United States reduces the number of personnel from its primary mission of defending its Interest. In recent years, the US government deployed a significant number of military personnel on humanitarian operation, but this has reduced the number of US forces defending US interest in other places. For instance, the US government sent a considerable number of personnel to provide humanitarian operation in the Libya against Kadhafi’s regime (Christopher, 2011). While the world welcome this move, many of the marine and air force personnel who went to Libya had to leave other duties elsewhere. This can be catastrophic is the personnel are required to report to their stations should an emergency occur. The potential harm of such an event underpin the negative impact of humanitarian operation in enabling the United States defend its interest as necessary instead of taking part in operations that undermine the deployment of its personnel. Humanitarian operation distracts policy makers in U.S government from providing meaningful direction on issues that allow the U.S military to execute their mission appropriately and successfully. During humanitarian operations, the U. S military and its policy makers who take part in these programs that do not have definite objectives, but more demanding due to the complexity in logistics (Carter & White, 2011). Because of this, the U.S military will have less time to address real issues that affect their primary missions such as defending U.S interest. Consequently,

Alzheimer's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Alzheimer's - Research Paper Example During the autopsy the doctor noted dense deposits of neuritic plaques surrounding nerve cells and twisted bands of nerve fibers inside the cells. The presence of plaques and tangles during a brain autopsy is now taken as a definitive diagnosis of the condition. There have been several additional researches that have been carried out by scientist around the world since the discovery of the disease. In the 1960s researchers found connectivity between the cognitive decline and the number of plaques and tangles present in the brain. Since the 1970s scientists have made major discoveries pertaining to the complex functioning of the nerve cells in these patients and also with increasing developments in the field of genetics, genes responsible for susceptibility to this disease both in the early stages and later in life have also been unraveled. Apart from the genetic factors other lifestyle related and environmental risk factors are also being widely being explored (A History, 2009; Alzhe imer’s disease, 2010). Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease and before the symptoms are noticed sufficient damage to the brain would have already taken place. Studies reveal that this damage could occur anywhere between 10 to 20 years before the onset of the clinical signs and symptoms. Beginning with the development of tangles within the entorhinal cortex and plaques in other regions of the brain, the disease affects the functioning of neurons that eventually results in lost communication between the brain cells. When such damage occurs within the hippocampus region of the brain as the disease progresses, it affects the memory and processing skills of the individual (Alzheimer’s disease, 2010). Thus most prominent early sign of the disease is memory loss (Alzheimer’s disease, 2010; Alzheimer’s symptoms, 2009; Symptoms, 2009). Other common early symptoms include confusion, attention disorders, personality changes, difficulty with languages

Need to have a great topic for this term papeer Paper

Need to have a great topic for this papeer - Term Paper Example Cooper argues that Jamaican dancehall culture brings to the fore the animal nature of males and females, violence and sex being recurrent themes therein. Cooper notes that while women are always portrayed as mindless bodies their function primarily being to provide the males with sexual pleasure, the theatrical message that it brings out is that the woman’s body has absolute authority and that men give homage to the woman’s principle. In other words, the woman’s fertility and sexuality is ritualized in a manner that the not so keen eye may easily ignore. Dancehall is basically speechifying with accompaniments of music like basic drum beat. In the past, dancehall’s lyrical contents were violent, and this made it to encounter a lot of criticisms of rival raga performers. In performance, sound clash dancehall is more of dance and addresses cultural issues like gender equality. On the other hand, calypso is slower, more political and music driven. Dancehall ra ises your feet into dancing, even is you were under stress because once you hear it, you just dance because you can’t help. ... She gives an analysis of sound clashes that are experienced in the Jamaican dancehall culture movement across boarders. Cooper defends the dancehall culture stating that in its explicit homoerotic nature, the dancehall is a place where women derive liberation outside the rigid social conventions of daily routine. The female gender also gets in control even as her identity is misrepresented by the culture. Cooper’s argument and thought Cooper joins in the argument that seeks to challenge the problem of social inequality through the hybridization of the dance hall culture in form of the aesthetics that hint to the American culture. This is infused into the Kingston hardships which she argues are the agents of the social inequality. This is a feature in the Jamaican Dancehall Culture that has indeed served as a highlight to the plight of the socially alienated groups within the society. The alienation is manifested in terms of reggae fusion, anti-gay lyrics and the dance fusion. It has in every sense helped to bring forth the fears of social degradation due to the overshadowing effect of the popular culture. Analysis of Sound Clash: Jamaican Dancehall Culture at Large, Carolyn Cooper Many types of music portray women as weaker sex that can easily be sexually exploited. They are portrayed naked in the dance floor, as well on video and books covers. However, Carolyn Cooper, as a cultural studies lecturer tries to change this view in Sound Clash: Jamaican dancehall culture. She attempts to fight this moral decay in the society, by replacing it with values that show respect for women. However, men are portrayed as decent beings, but only in dressing, in the society. They dress properly, but

Cal by Bernard Mac Laverty - Critical Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Cal by Bernard Mac Laverty Critical Evaluation Essay Cal is a romantic-tragedy novel written by the Irish author, Bernard Mac Laverty. It is a fiction story about a young man living in Northern Ireland during the troubles of the 1970s. The writer conveys a number of significant themes through skilful writing and the novels plot, such as guilt, hypocrisy and bigotry. In this essay, I will be focusing on the themes of the story, the purpose of why the novel was written and the authors use of imagery to enhance his writing. The events of this story take place in Northern Ireland in the 1970s. During the period of time in which this story is set in, Northern Ireland was going through what we would now refer to as being The Troubles. This was a period of conflict involving republican and loyalist paramilitary organisations and included conflicts and violence. Cal is about a young adult named Cal who is living in Northeren Ireland at this time. He is a Catholic living in a Protestant area with his father, Shamie. This leads to him being the victom of many bigotry driven attacks, such as his house being burnt down and to him being insulted on his own street. He starts to fall in love with a woman named Marcella, which, from the very beginning, is a doomed relationship. This is because a year earlier Cal was reluctantly involved in the murder of a Protestant policeman, who was, in fact, Marcellas husband. Cal becomes closer and closer to Marcella as the novel goes on, and you find out more about the murder as the plot develops. He then lands himself a job at Mrs. Mortons farm, the mother of Marcellas husband, Robert. This brings him even closer to Marcella and they start to have a relationship with each other. This relationship becomes even more intense when Cal is offered to stay in Mrs. Mortons outhouse (as his house had been burnt down). He is then arrested at the end of the novel, for the murder of Robert. The ending of the story was very skilfully done. Near the end of the story, Mac Laverty builds up massive tension through certain events in the plot. It is then all concluded in a small, yet effective, paragraph. It tells us enough information to feel satifsfied, yet wanting to know more. It leaves key questions in the readers mind such as whether he deserved it or not and what will be his fate. I believe that the plot is a very important aspect of the story as it develops the mood and atmosphere and it is the events which take place which allow the themes to be conveyed. All the characters in Cal have complicated lifes. Most of them have good and bad sides and are all affected in different ways by the troubles. Cal is nineteen years old. He lives with his father and he is a Catholic. He is caught up with the IRA (Irish Republican Party) and takes part in a number of crimes which he does not want to be part of. After he joined, he had to do what they asked, such as when Cal thinks of the things the IRA do: They shoot deserters even deserters who protested that they had never joined in the first place. This quotation shows that Cal is scared of Crilly and Skeffington (members of the IRA) and that he is in danger. It also shows that Cal never wanted to take part in the violence making it sound stupid that they would shoot him. This whole section shows that Cal is vunerable. The writer makes out that Robert is a hard working loving man throughout the story. For example, when Marcella is telling Cal about her husband: He was so plausible one of those people that everybody likes in company. This quote shows that Robert was popular and was a worthy man, and there is also evidence showing that he was witty and intelligent. However, we later find out that he was not all what he was meant to have been, as Marcella confesses to Cal: He told lies, Cal. All the time. About his affairs I know he had two or three at least about his drinking and the money he spent This is an example of how the characters have both good and bad characteristics. Despite this, Marcella still loved him and was distraught when he was murdered. This also makes the characters more realistic, which lets the reader relate to the different characters in Cal. It also creates the question of who was too blame for The Troubles which relates to the theme and purpose of the novel, which I will be discussing later in this essay. All of the characters are affected by the troubles as well, as most of their problems are due to that situation. For example, if it was not for the troubles, then Cal would not have been involved with the IRA and Robert wouldnt have been murdered, taking problems out of all of the characters lives. All of the characters features reflect the themes, such as Cals characteristic of being vunerable, leading to his self loathing and guilt. There are many themes in the novel Cal. One of these themes that I will be focusing on is the theme of hypocrisy. Hypocrisy means the pretence of possessing virtues, beliefs or qualities that one does not really have, especially in matters of religion or morality. One way in which the author displays this theme is via specific characters, such as Crilly. Crilly is part of a gang who are fighting for independence from Great Britain. For example, when Skeffington is talking about Crilly: There are not many aspects of our culture which interests Mr Crilly. But hes a useful man. This quote shows that Crilly does not care about Irish independence and culture but is only in the gang as he likes the thrill of violence. It also shows that the IRA are not offended about his beliefs but just want him to help with their struggle. This shows them being hypocritical as they kill people who do not believe or reject their views, but someone who does not care about Irish independence can help with the violence. Another way in which hypocrisy is showing is through thoughts of characters and their dialogue. This is taking from a part where Dunlop (Cals Protestant employer) is talking to Cal about the situation in Northern Ireland: Would you do the same to the Loyalist prisoners every time a Catholic was murdered? Dunlop thinks that for any Protestant policeman who is murdered by a Catholic, two Catholics should be shot. This quotes shows that Dunlop is a hypocrite as he would shoot two Catholics every time a Protestant policeman was murdered but not if it was the other way around. This also shows that Dunlop is a bigot, which ties in with my next theme, bigotry. A bigot is a person who is obstinately or intolerantly devoted to their own religion, or opinion. Bigotry is the main cause of fear and violence in the story. One night, Cal and his father receive a note stating: GET OUT YOU FENYAN SCUM OR WELL BURN YOU OUT. THIS IS YOUR 2ND WARNING, THERE WILL BE NO OTHER UVF This clearly diplays pure bigotry. Cal and his father are being threatened to leave their home of many years, just because of their religion. This quote also shows how ignorant the UVF are, as they have spelt fenyan wrongly. This leads to Cal and his father being fearful, for example: Shamie was putting the gun beneath his pillow and climbing into bed This shows that Cals father has to keep a weapon underneath his pillow as there is a constant threat of violence. Another theme which has been cleverly developed is the theme of guilt. Cal feels guilty about his involvement in the killing of Robert, which leads to his self-loathing. At the start of the novel, the writer makes this very obvious: Merde. Crotte de chein. Merderer. Cal hates himself so much, that he makes up words to describe himself. The word merderer has a possible two meanings; it shows that he is guilty and secondly it shows his self loathing. As he becomes more and more involved with Marcella, his guilt increases: Now that he felt safe from the world outside he was being attacked from within his own head This quote is taken from the section where he is living and working with Marcella. It shows that guilt is eating him up and is destroying him and his life. The author also uses writing techniques to convey the theme of guilt: It was as if idleness had allowed dirt to accumulate on his [Cal] soul, to clog his mind, and work moved him through it untouched Mac Laverty uses this metaphor to show how Cal was brooding over Mortons death and his involvement. It also shows that he thinks that he deserves to go to hell for what he has done. When Marcella tells Cal about what Robert was really like, it complicates his guilt as he now knows that Robert sometimes brought misery to Marcella, and maybe it was good that Robert was murdered. All of these themes show the writers purpose in writing. He shows bad and good sides to both Protestant and Catholic organisations, leading to us to wonder which is the good side in the novel. The story also shows us how difficult and violent Northern Ireland was at that time in history, and how deeply everybody was affected. To an extent, the way the author writes also shows aspects of him being a bit ashamed of his country, due to the negative details and feelings he writes about. Mac Laverty uses a range of techniques to create the mood and atmosphere in the novel. One of these techniques, is his use of imagery. The story starts with this mood with the author describing the scenes taking place in an abattoir: It was immediately winched up by one of the hind shanks and its throat cut The author uses a lot of violence and blood imagery at the start of the novel to set the tone of the book. Other evidence which shows this use of evidence is that there are a lot of deaths and murders mentioned in the novel. An example of this is when Cal and his father are watching the news and the author describes the events that had happened, which were mainly murders and violence, in a way which seemed to be normal. Death permeates the novel as does religion. There are often references to the Bible and to religious symbols throughout the novel. Symbolism is another technique that Mac Laverty uses. There is also symbolism to certain fairytales, such as when Marcella is talking to Cal about her daughter, Lucy: Lucys favourite story at the minute is Repunzel This is significant as Marcella feels like she is trapped because she tries to do the right thing. The plot has been structured in a sophisticated way. The story has two climaxes: one in the middle and the other at the end. The first one occurs when the writer tells you about the death of Robert. This is significant as there is a huge tension built up before you find out. The author does this via short clues which are spread out throughout the novel and short sentences. The second climax is done in a similar way, but the paragraph in which it concludes, is quick and snappy and tells of only the most significant point, which is Cal being arrested. The dialogue of the novel is very realistic. The author does this by using Irish forms of slang, such as da instead of dad, and explicit language. The writer also uses great techniques to enhance his writing: His sin clawed at him, demanding attention The writer personifies the idea of the sin, describing the feeling of it clawing, to give the idea of Cals guilt and how is is destroying him and is eating him up. The verb clawing is associated with violence and adds to the imagery that the author uses to enhance his novel and to create the atmosphere. I thoroughly enjoyed reading Cal. It made me realise how lives can be ruined due to situations which do not even involve them. The themes of the novel also made me more aware about some peoples views and how they can sometimes be full of violence and hatred. It showed me what life was like in Ireland in those days and how we have to try to avoid anything so destructive from happening again.